nutrition

vitamin A (retinol) deficiency

• impaired night vision

• xerophthalmia → leads to blindness

• hyperkeratosis of oral mucosa

vitamin D (calciferol) deficiency — children

rickets

• bowed legs

• delayed tooth eruption

• enamel hypoplasia

• increased caries risk

vitamin D (calciferol) deficiency — adults

osteomalacia

• bowed legs

• increased caries risk

vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency

• impaired immune function

• muscle weakness

• vision problems

vitamin K deficiency

impaired blood clotting

• factors II, VII, IX, X

thiamin (B1) deficiency

beriberi

• damage to nervous and cardiovascular system

• a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

riboflavin (B2) deficiency

• glossitis

• angular cheilitis

• dermatitis

• anemia

niacin (B3) deficiency

pellagra

• 4 Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

• angular cheilitis

• glossitis

• weakness

• irritability

• insomnia

• dermatitis

• anemia

folate (B9) deficiency

spinal defects develop during pregnancy

• spina bifida

• megaloblastic anemia

• glossitis

cobalamin (B12) deficiency

• glossitis

• hemorrhagic gingiva

• stomatitis

• xerostomia

• bone loss

common in vegetarians/vegans

ascorbic acid (vit C) deficiency

scurvy

• hemorrhagic gingivitis

• delayed wound healing

• loosening of teeth

• petechiae

iron deficiency

• anemia

• glossitis

• angular cheilitis

• dysphagia

calcium deficiency

• osteoporosis

• increased caries risk

• hypocalcification of teeth

fluoride toxicity

• dental fluorosis

• skeletal fluorosis

• chronic = mottled enamel

iodine deficiency

• goiter

• hypothyroidism

vit C enhances…

iron absorption in GI tract

gluconeogenesis

glucose from non-carb sources → glucagon + fasting

HDL

good cholesterol

• takes cholesterol to liver

LDL

bad cholesterol

• delivers to tissues

trypthophan

• amino acid

• production of serotonin