Bacterial respiratory pathogens (Marta Martins lecture 3)

the upper respiratory tract consists of which 3 body parts?

nose, nasal cavity and pharynx

the lower respiratory tract consists of which 4 body parts?

larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

what are upper respiratory tract infections caused by?

acute infections

6 common examples of URT infections

1. pharyngitis

2. laryngitis

3. rhinitis

4. sinusitis

5. tonsilitis

6. otitis media

during a LRT infection the … and … within the lungs become inflamed

trachea and bronchi

two types of LRT infections?

bronchitis and pneumonia

defenses against pathogens in the RT

1. … hair

2. … in the trachea

3. … secretions

4. … responses such as … and …

5. … cells such as …

6. … present in mucus

1. nasal hair

2. cilia

3. mucus

4. involuntary, coughing and sneezing

5. immune, macrophages

6. sIgA

Normal microbiota is generally limited to the … respiratory tract, where gram … bacteria such as … and … are very common. Disease causing bacteria are present in the normal microbiota and cause disease only if the host is … or if they are … to other hosts

upper, positive, staphylococci, streptococci, immunocompromised, transferred

two examples of bacteria present in the normal RT microbiota

staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae

Sinusitis is most commonly caused by … but can also be caused by … and … problems. It generally follows the … …

allergies, infections, structural problems, common cold

bacteria love fluids and … to keep an … balance, meaning they grow best in … filled areas and easily cause …

saline, osmotic, fluid, inflammation

Symptoms of sinusitis include … congestion, … above the nose or in the forehead and the feeling of a … or …

Aditionally facial … and … are common. Discharge appears … with a … or … colour in case of a bacterial infection, while discharge caused by allergies is … and accompanied by … eyes.

Sinusitis is diagnosed based on … … and is treated with … … …

nasal congestion, pressure, headache, toothache

swelling, tenderness, opaque, green, yellow, clear, itchy

clinical presentation, broad spectrum antibiotics

Acute otitis media is a common sequel of …

Viral infections of the URT lead to inflammation of the … tubes and buildup of … in the … ear, which can lead to bacterial … in the fluid. Bacteria can lead to … production and continued … secretion.

Chronic otitis media occurs when the fluid remains in the … ear for … periods of time and may be caused by … bacteria

Symptoms include sensation of … or … in the ear and … loss

rhinitis

eustachian, fluid, middle, multiplication, pus, fluid

middle, indefinite, biofilm

fullness, pain, hearing

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the …

It is characterised by … and …, … mucosa and swollen …

… pharyngitis is generally more severe than … pharyngitis

throat

pain, swelling, reddened mucosa and swollen tonsils

bacterial, viral

Diphtheria symptoms are initially experienced in the … RT

Symptoms include sore …, lack of … and a low grade …

… form on the … or …

upper

sore throat, lack of appetite and a low grade fever

pseudomembranes, tonsils or pharynx

the diptheria toxin is an … toxin, that consists of two main functional components; the … subunit which halts … synthesis and the … subunit which facilitates … into host cells

AB, active, protein, binding, entry

the A fragment of the diphtheria toxin contains the … domain and the B fragment contains the … and … … domains

catalytic, transmembrane and receptor binding

which diseases affect both the upper and lower RT?

whooping cough, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza

whooping cough is also known as … caused by the bacteria … …

pertussis, Bordetella pertussis

Whooping cough first has a … stage where bacteria cause … symptoms and it lasts about …

The next stage is the … stage characterised by severe and uncontrollable … … which can result in burst … … in the … and even …

Complete recovery can take … and other microbes can more easily cause … infection

catarrhal, cold, 1-2 weeks

paroxysmal, coughing spasms, blood vessels, eyes, vomiting

months, secondary

Bordetella pertussis also produces a … toxin

pertussis

Pneumonia is an … condition of the lungs in which … fills the …

It can be caused by a wide variety of different … with … pneumonia usually being milder than … pneumonia

There is a … acquired pneumonia (contracted outside hospitals) and a … pneumonia (contracted in a hospital setting) with … pneumonia usually being more severe

It begins with … RT symptoms including a … nose, …, … and …

Onset of the lung symptos follows which includes … pain, …, … and … sputum

inflammatory, fluid, alveoli

microbes, viral, bacterial

community, nosocomial, nosocomial

upper, runny nose, congestion, headaches and fever

chest pain, coughing, fever and discoloured

3 examples of bacteria which cause penumonia

streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella pneumoniae

6 (or 7) klebsiella pneumoniae fax

1. gram negative

2. rod shaped

3. non motile

4. polysaccharide capsule

5. facultative anaerobe

6. lactose fermenting

7. nosocomial infections

Klebsiella pneumoniae is found in nature in …, … and …

It is also present in a healthy human microbiota in the …, the …, on the … and … tract but does not initially cause disease

It can spread rapidly but NOT through …

It can progress into sever bacterial infections including … (4 examples)

soil, water and plants

mouth, nasopharynx, skin and intestinal tract

air

pneumonia, bloodstream infections, UTIs and meningitis

members of the Klebsiella genus typically express which two types of antigens on the cell SURFACE?

lipopolysaccharide (O antigen) and capsular polysaccharide (K antigen)

About … K antigens and … O antigens have been described with … variability of these antigens being the basis for … into various …

… of all serotypes appears to be similar

77, 12, structural, classification, serotypes

virulence

revise slide 29!!!

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8 pseudomonas aeruginosa fax

1. gram negative

2. rod shaped

3. motile

4. encapsulated

5. nonspore forming

6. facultative anaerobe

7. can cause disease in plants and animals

8. found in soil and water

pseudomonas aeruginosa is an … pathogen associated with nosocomial … and … acquired pneumonia

opportunistic, hospital and ventilator

revise slide 35!!!

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In cystic fibrosis, impaired … … and a … … lung environment (also with low …) promotes colonisation by … …

The bacterium uses multiple … factors for … infection and then adapts through … change and … formation into a … and less … but persistent infection

mucociliary clearance, hypoxic inflammatory, pH, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

virulence, early, genetic, biofilm, chronic, motile

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes the infected tissues to become green due to the … siderophore

pyoverdine

once Pseudomonas aeruginosa establishes a chronic infection is loses … and adapts through … changes due to …

cytotoxicity, genetic, hypermutability