Medications Affecting the Nervous System

Comprehensive practice questions covering medications affecting the nervous system based on the lecture transcript.

How are analgesics defined in the lecture?

Medications that relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness.

From what drug are natural and synthetic opiates derived?

morphine

What are three examples of opiates according to the notes?

codeine, Dilaudid, and oxycodone

What is the definition of opioids?

Synthetic drugs not related to morphine that mimic the action of morphine.

Where do narcotic analgesics work within the body?

CNS

What are the common risks or effects associated with narcotic analgesics?

They may produce dependence, may cause respiratory depression, and must follow controlled substances laws.

Which drug acts as a narcotic antagonist to prevent or reverse the effects of opioids?

Naloxone HCl

What are the three routes for administering Naloxone HCl?

IV, SC, or IM

In the category of analgesic-antipyretics, what do the terms 'analgesia' and 'antipyretic' mean?

Analgesia relieves pain, while antipyretic reduces fever.

Which medication is an exception to the anti-inflammatory properties of analgesic-antipyretics?

acetaminophen

What are the examples of analgesic-antipyretics listed in the lecture?

codeine, Percocet, ibuprofen, and naproxen

What is the primary difference between a sedative and a hypnotic?

A sedative has a calming effect, whereas a hypnotic is used to induce sleep.

What are benzodiazepines commonly used to treat?

anxiety

What effects do benzodiazepines have on sleep patterns?

They reduce early wakening and increase total sleep time.

What is the onset of action and typical duration for benzodiazepines?

Onset of action: $15–40\,\text{minutes}$; Duration: $6–8\,\text{hours}$

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by an imbalance of which two neurotransmitters in the brain?

acetylcholine and dopamine

Anti-Parkinsonian drugs provide palliative relief for which motor symptoms?

Bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors

What are three examples of anti-Parkinsonian drugs?

Symmetrel, Parlodel, and Cogentin

What physical brain changes cause Alzheimer’s disease?

Deposits of amyloid plaque between brain cells.

At what age does Alzheimer’s disease typically begin and what is its cure status?

It begins after age $60$ and is incurable.

What are the behavioral and cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease identified in the transcript?

Mood changes, disorientation, confusion, memory loss, tendency to misplace things, impaired equilibrium, dizziness, and personality changes.

Name the types of drug treatments used for Alzheimer’s disease.

Cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and NMDA receptor antagonist

How is epilepsy characterized in the discussion of anticonvulsants?

Abnormal electrical charges in the brain.

What is the primary objective of epilepsy treatment?

To achieve the greatest control of seizures with the least side effects by individualizing dosage.

What are the three classifications of seizures mentioned in the notes?

Partial (focal), Generalized (bilateral), and Unilateral

List the examples of anticonvulsant drugs given in the transcript.

Tegretal, Klonopin, and Keppra

How do anesthetic drugs achieve their effect?

By interfering with the conduction of nerve impulses.

What is the difference between general and local anesthetics?

General produces a loss of consciousness, whereas local produces a loss of sensation in a specific area.

Name three examples of anesthetics mentioned in the transcript.

Marcaine, Lidocaine, and Novacaine

What are ophthalmic drugs used for?

To treat Glaucoma and Mydriasis, and for diagnostic examinations, surgery, infections, and inflammation.