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What is a prokaryote?

A single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What defines a eukaryote?

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What does unicellular mean?

An organism that consists of a single cell.

What does multicellular refer to?

An organism that is made up of more than one cell.

What is the Cell Theory?

The theory that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

What is the purpose of a microscope?

An instrument used to magnify small objects so they can be seen more clearly.

What is magnification in microscopy?

The process of enlarging the appearance of an object.

What are organelles?

Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct processes.

What are organs?

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

What is a ribosome?

A molecular machine in cells that synthesizes proteins.

What are Golgi bodies?

Organelles that modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.

What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of fibers that provides structure and shape to a cell.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

To protect the cell and regulate the movement of substances in and out.

What is the role of the cell wall?

A rigid layer that provides support and protection to plant cells.

What are cilia?

Hair-like structures that help with movement and sensory functions in cells.

What are lysosomes?

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

What are peroxisomes?

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

What is cytoplasm?

The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles.

What is the nucleus?

The organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and controls its activities.

What does Rough ER stand for?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - involved in protein synthesis and has ribosomes on its surface.

What is Smooth ER?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, lacks ribosomes.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis.

What are centrosomes?

Structures that organize microtubules and regulate cell division.

What are centrioles?

Cylindrical structures in centrosomes that assist in cell division.

What is a vacuole?

A storage organelle that can hold various substances.

What is a central vacuole?

A large vacuole in plant cells that maintains turgor pressure.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Organelles that produce energy through cellular respiration.

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What is a phospholipid?

A molecule that forms the bilayer of cell membranes, consisting of two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

What is a bilayer?

A structure consisting of two layers, such as the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?

It helps to stabilize the fluidity of the cell membrane.

What are glycolipids?

Lipids with carbohydrate groups attached, important for cell recognition.

What are glycoproteins?

Proteins with carbohydrate chains attached, involved in cell recognition and signaling.

What are aquaporins?

Channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes.

What are channel proteins?

Proteins that allow specific molecules to pass through the cell membrane.

What does passive transport mean?

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

What is active transport?

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

What is a concentration gradient?

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.

What is hypotonic solution?

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell.

What is hypertonic solution?

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell.

What is an isotonic solution?

A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as inside the cell.