aromatic

equation for electrophile production for nitrification of benzene by electrophilic sub?

HNO3 + H2SO4 → ⁺NO2 + H2O + HSO4^-

both acids but HNO3 weaker so acts as a base

how is H2SO4 reformed during nitrification of benzene?

H+ removed during electro sub. which reacts w HSO4^- to reform catalyst

how is a single substitution maintained during nitrification of benzene?

done in conditions below 55 degrees

how is phenyl amine made?

reduction of nitrobenzene via Sn + HCl in room temp

how is a aliphatic primary amine produced?

• nucleo sub w/ ethanoic KCN under reflux to produce nitrile

• nitrile reduced w/ H2 + nickel/Pt catalyst or LiAlH4 in ether to produce amine

• C=N is opened up → H2C-NH2

• single product, no further reaction so high atom econ

• 2 step synthesis so low % yield

how are aliphatic secondary + tertiary amines and quaternary salts made?

• nucleo sub w/ NH3 in excess

• prim amine also produced, but can act as a nucleophile for further sub to produce sec,tert + quart

N-sub amide production?

nucleo addition elim w/ acyl chloride and NH3

produces HCl

how is the electrophile for F-C acylation produced?

acyl chloride acts as an electrophile, donating Cl to AlCl3

producing acylium ion electrophile CH3-C⁺=O and AlCl4

F-C acylation mechanism and conditions?

reflux dry ether solvent

electrophilic substitution w/ benzene or aromatic compound

producing phenyl__anone

how is AlCl3 catalyst reformed?

H+ produced during electrophilic sub reacts w AlCl4-

AlCl4- + H+ → AlCl3 + HCl