Chapter 1 - musculoskeletal system

What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system

Body movement, Framework, Protection, Mineral storage and Production of red blood cells

What are the 5 types of bone

Flat bone, Long bone, Short bone, Sesamoid bone and Irregular bone

Label

A - Cranium

B - Mandible

C - Clavicle

D - Sternum

E - Ribs

F - Lumbar spine

G - Illium

H - Sacrum

I - Carpals

J - Metacarpals

K - Phalanges

L - Pubic bone

M - Fibula

N - Tarsals

O - Metatarsals

P -

What are the 3 joint classifications and what movements do they offer

Fibrous (immovable)
Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
Synovial (freely moveable)

What are the 6 types of synovial joints

Ball and socket
Hinge
Gliding
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle

name the 6 synovial joints when found in the arm

ball and socket - shoulder

hinge - elbow

pivot - radius and ulna in forearm

gliding - carpal of wrist

condyloid - wrist

saddle - thumb

Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue that protects and supports bones

Ligaments

connective tissue joining bone to bone. Provides stability at the joint

The names of vertebral column sections and how many vertebrae are in each and if fused together

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 fused together) and coccyx (4 fused together)

Anatomical positions

standing upright, facing forward with arms by the side palms facing forward

Anteroir

Towards the front of the body

Medial

Towards the middle of the body (middle)

Inferior

Towards the feet or lower part of the body

Prone

Facing down (on penis)

Distal

Further away from the trunk of the body

Superficial

Towards the surface of the body

Posterior

Towards the back of the body

Supine

Facing up (on spine)

Deep

Towards the inner part of the body

Anatomical movements

the movements that can be made at the synovial joints

Extenison

Increase in the angle of the joint

Rotation

Movement of a body part around the central axis

Adduction

Bringing a body part to back to the midline of the body

Pronation

Rotation of the hand so the thumb moves in towards the body

Dorsi flexion

Decrease the angle of the joint between the foot and the leg

Supination

Rotation of the hand so that the thumb moves away from the body

Depression

Move shoulders away from the head

Eversion

Movement of the sole away from the body's midline

Circumduction

Movement of the end of a bone in a circular motion

Plantar flexion

Increase the angle of the joint between the foot and the leg (plant a plant in the ground)

Elevation

Move shoulders towards head

Flexion

Decrease in the angle of the joint

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline

Inversion

Movement of the sole towards the midline of the body

3 main functions of the muscular system

Body movement, Adequate posture and Essential bodily functions

Table

A - Trapezius

B - Deltoid

C - Triceps brachii

D - Pectoralis major

E - Latissimus dorsi

F - Erector spinae

G - Bicep brachii

H - Rectus abdominis

I - Obliques

J - Wrist flexors

K - Serratus anterior

L - Wrist flexors

M - Adductors

N - Sartorius

P - Gastrocnemius

Q - Soleus

R - Rectus femoris

S - Vastus intermedius

T - Vastus lateralis

U - Vastus medialus

V - Quadriceps femoris

W - Tibialis anterior

X - Gluteus maximus

Y - Semitendinsus

Z - Bicep femoris

#- Semimembranosus

@ - Hamstring

The 3 types of muscle

Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal

Voluntary vs involuntary muscles

Voluntary refers to having conscious control of the muscle where as involuntary refers to having no conscious control over the muscle

What types of muscles are involuntary and what types are voluntary

Involuntary - Smooth and cardiac and Voluntary - Skeletal

Smooth muscle

found in hallow organs such as bladder, blood vessels, digestive tract, etc

Cardiac muscle

Only found in the heart

Skeletal muscle

Attaches to bone and causes movement of the skeleton

The 5 types of muscle fibre arrangements

Fusiform muscle, Convergent muscle and Pennate - Unipennate muscle, Bipennate muscle and Multipennate muscle

What is the quadriceps femoris group

rectus femoris (top), vastus lateralis (outside), vastus medialis (inside), vastus intermedius (middle)

Axial skeleton

trunk, head and chest

appendicular skeleton

limbs

Tends

attach muscle to bone

Fusiform muscle

fascicles align to the long axis, allows quick and rapid shortening of the muscle (bicep brachii)

convergent mucles

fascicles converge towards single tendon (pictorials major)

Pennate muscle

fascicles are short and at an angle to the tendon (feather), garter potential to force

unipennate muscle

fascicles only one side of tendon (tibialis anterior)

bipennate muscle

fascicles both side of tendon (rectus femoris in quadriceps)

multipennate muscle

fascicle arranged into multiple rows (deltoid)

reciprocal inhibition

the process of one muscle contracting (agonist) while another muscle relaxes (antagonist) to create movement

agonist muscles

contraction

antagonist muscle

relaxes

muscles work in..

Pairs -One contracts, one relaxes e.g. Biceps relax, triceps contact

Stabilisers

aren't directly involved but keeps body fixed and steady

Myofilaments

individual proteins filaments of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) that make up a myofibril

oak like structures

cross bridges, myofilament

Sarcomeres

Actin and myosin's together

Sliding fliament theory

When a muscle contracts the myofilaments slide across each other

slow twitch fibers

red muscle fibers that are slow to contract but have the ability to continue contracting for long periods of time (aerobic)

Fast twitch

White anaerobic muscle fibres high force production with low fatigue levels

All or nothing principle

States that the nerve impulse will not stimulate the muscle fibre until it reaches a certain threshold level. Once nerve impulse reaches this threshold all fibres of the muscle unit will contract at the same time and maximally.

concentric contraction

When the muscle length shorten as the force is being produced

Eccentric contractions

When the muscle length lengthens as forces being produced

Isometric contractions

When a force is developed but there is no change in muscle length

Size principle

States that the recruitment of motor neurons within a skeletal muscle commences with small motor units and progresses to large motor units

lever

A rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point

The three parts of a lever

Axis, resistance, force

third class levels

axis, force then resistance