Physiology Final Exam Practice

Platletes adhere to collagen by ______________ a plasma protein secreted by endothelial cells and platelets when forming a platelet plug

von Willebrand (vWF)

binding of platelets to collagen triggers platelets to release a variety of chemical agents from their _________________ in order to induce changes in metabolism, shape, and surface proteins of platelets called _________________.

secretory vessicles; platele activation

What type of feedback system occurs within the formation of a platelet plug?

positive feedback

Transformation of blood into a sold gel is called _______, or thrombus which consists mainly of the protein polymer, ___________

clot; fibrin

What is the function of a clot?

to reinforce platelet plug and solidify blood that remains in wound channel

What allows for activation of plasma protein and becomes enzyme?

vessel damage

vessel damage continues to activate more proteins until it reaches _____________ and once it activates this protein it becomes _____________.

prothrombin; thrombin

Thrombin acts as a _____________ and activates __________ which is a precursor to fibrin

positive feedback mechanism; fibrinogen

Thrombin also activates ________ protein into ________ to then activate loose fibrin into stabilized fibrin or the jelly-like clot.

XIII; XIIIa

T/F the clotting cascade contains both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

True

T/F the body likes to activate the extrinsic pathway first

True

Both pathways concentrate on the formation of _____ because it activated prothrombin into thrombin which amplifies the clotting cascade of events to stop bleeding

Xa

_________ are produced by the liver and are secreted into the blood in inactive forms which are activated during the clotting cascade

clotting factors

When a person lacks the protein VIII, this results in the person not having their clots solidify. What is this called?

hemophilia

What is the respnsibility of the respiratory system?

taking up blood and oxygen from the environment and delivering it to the blood, as well as eliminating CO2 from the blood

T/F the lungs prevent blood clots from entering the rest of the systemic arteries where blood is pumped from the heart to the rest of the body

True

What are the two zones of the airway

conducting and respiratory

What do the conducting zones consist of?

the top of the trachea to the end terminal bronchioles; no alveoli and does not exchange gases with the blood

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

extends from the respiratory bronchioles down and is the region where alveoli exchange gases with the blood

Do conducting zones have smooth muscle?

No. these vessels are not surrounded by smooth muscle because they should not contract

__________ are tiny, hollow sacs whose open ends are continuous with the lamina of airways

alveoli

Type _____ alveolar cells are found in most of the air-filled surfaces of wall lined by continuous, flat epithelial cells and also contribute to the structure.

I

Type _____ alveolar cells are interspersed between type I alveolar cells and produce a detergent-like substance called __________

II; surfactant

Surfactant ____________ lungs from collapsing

prevents

The ____________ is a completely closed sac that surrounds each lung

pleural sac

What is the pleural surface coating the lung known as

the visceral pleura

what is the outer layer that attaches to/lines the interior thoracic wall and diaphragm called?

parietal pleura

The pleura is separated by the __________ which lubricates the pleural surfaces so that they can slide over each other during breathing

intrapleural fluid

changes in ______________ of the intrapleural fluid (Pip) causes the lungs and thoracic wall to move in and out during normal breathing

hydrostatic pressure

________ of other muscles like the diaphragm and intercostal muscles is what allows for breathing to occur

contraction

_________ is the exchange of air in and out of the alveoli by bulk flow

ventilation

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveolar air and blood in the blood capillaries is known as ___________

diffusion

Bulk flow is the ___________ of O2 and CO2 through pulmonary and systemic circulation

transport

Flow is proportional to ____________ difference between two points and inversely proportional to ______________

pressure; resistance

as pressure of the atmosphere gets lower, this will __________ flow rate into the lungs

decrease

What is Boyle's Law?

P1V1=P2V2

When you decrease the volume, you __________ pressure

increase

The difference between the inside and outside of the lung is represented by the _______________ (Ptp)

transpulmonary pressure

Ptp= Palv (inside) - Pip (outside)

During inspiration the diaphragm

contracts and pulls down on the intrapleural fluid which makes the cavity bigger

During inspiration, the intrapleural pressure (Pip) is ___________ meaning the alveolar pressure is (Palv) _____________ making the transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) more _________ and favors the increase in the size of the lungs

smaller; smaller; positive

expansion of the space makes the lungs open and the _________ get bigger which decreases pressure in the pleural sac and causes air to flow inward

alveoli

as elastic recoil happens, the pressure in the alveoli ____________ and they shrink.

increases

When you have a greater lung compliance, it is ________ to expand the lungs at any given change in transpulmonary pressure

easier

What are the two determinants of lung compliance?

The stretchability of the lung tissues

The surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the alveoli

When a person has low compliance in their lungs, there is a ________ pulmonary pressure to try and increase compliance which means the the muscles of the diaphragm and intercostals _____________ more vigorously

bigger; contract

____________ markedly reduces cohesion forces between water molecules on the alveolar surface

surfactant

What type of alveolar cells secrete serfactant?

Type II alveolar cells

Surfactant lowers the __________ which increases lung compliance and makes it easier to ________ the lungs

surface tension; expand

T/F surfactant has a bigger affect on smaller alveoli

True

When does the production of surfactant occur within the gestational age?

late gestational age; pre-mes have a hard time breathing on their own due to no production of surfactant yet

Bronchioles have a lot of ________________ which is what controls resistance

smooth muscle

What is anatomical dead space?

amount that does not participate in breathing

When a person hyperventilates,

there is no oxygen to the tissues

the amount of oxygen going to the cells should be _________ to the amount of oxygen into the capillaries

equal

breath rate is influenced by ___________

[H+]

When there is a high [H+] the breath rate ______________ to mitigate this problem

increases

The kidneys undergo _________________ where it takes the precursors to glucose to synthesize it

gluconeogenesis

The kidneys main function is to regulate the amount of water, _____, and acid-base balance, remove of metabolic waste products from the blood and excretion within the _____________

ions; urine

Filtration of products will only __________ what your body needs

reabsorb

Where are nephrons found?

at the corticomedulary junctions (cortex and medulla)

urine is just filtered _____________

plasma

each nephron has initial filtering component called the ______ ________ and a tubule that extends from here

renal corpuscle

each corpuscle contains a compact tuft of interconnected capillary loops called the ______________

glomerulus/glomerular capillaries

The _________________ are what filter the plasma

glomerulus/ glomerular capillaries

the glomerulus protrude into the fluid-filled capsules called the __________ capsule. The glomerulus and this structure constitute the renal ____________

Bowman's; corpuscle

juxtamedullary nephrons are associated with

vasa recta which are long blood vessels running alongside the loops of Henle

the juxtamedullary nephrons are responsible for what?

generating an osmotic gradient in the medulla responsible for the reabsorption of water

Capillaries of the glomerulus are

Fenestrated --> Large pores allow water and solutes to pass between the epithelial cells

The inner layer of the glomerular filtration barrier contains a single-celled epithelial lining at the Bowman's capsule. The cell's here are called _________ which are fact cells that help with _____________.

podocytes; filtration

The glomerulus also contains modified smooth muscle cells called __________ cells which help regulate blood flow in the glomerulus by contraction.

mesenglial

Nephrons are associated with 2 sets of capillaries:

Glomerular (filtration) and Peritubular (reabsorption-go deep into the medulla)

allomerulus have arterioles on both sides which makes what easier?

the blood flow

Where is the cortical nephron located?

cortex

Where is the juxtamedullary nephron located?

deep in the medulla

What is the purpose of the loops of Henle?

to create an osmotic gradient for reabsorption

T/F cortical nephrons do not contribute to hypertonic medullary interstitium

True

the wall of afferent arteriole in the juxtaglomerular apparatus contains secretory cells known as ____________ cells whose main purpose is to influence sodium balance and blood pressure

juxtaglomerular cells

These cells are in charge of reabsorption within the afferent arteriole due to sensing change in pressure within renal tubules as well as sodium concentration

macula dense

Glomerular filtration puts plasma into the ______________

Bowman's capsule

Fluid in the Bowman's capsule is now moving to the _________ to be ultra-filtered

tubules

An _______ in hydrostatic pressure favors filtration into glomerular space

increase

______ force due to the presence of a protein in the plasma is the main reabsorbative force keeping water in the glomerular capillaries

osmotic

What is indicated when you find blood cells or proteins within the urine?

potential problems with the glomerular filtration barrier

Hydrostatic pressure is opposing osmotic pressure when dealing with large proteins meaning that there is more _______________ of water into the capillaries

reabsorption

The GFR is measuring the volume of fluid from the ____________ into the Bowman's space per unit of time. Which looks at the permeability of the membrane and the SA

glomeruli

capillary beds have __________ on both sides

arterioles

Increasing pressure of the glomerulus increases the ___________ through the constriction of the _________ arteriole and dilation of the ___________ arteriole

GFR; efferent; afferent

____________ is the movement of substance from the fluid in the tubular lumen or material produced by epithelial cells into the peritubular capillary

reabsorption

transcelluar transport

occurs through the cell

paracellular transport

moves across tight junctions

What is the most abundant cation in the filtrate?

Sodium

Sodium reabsorption is an active process occurring in all tubular segments except the ___________ loop of Henle

descending

actively pumping Na+ across the basolateral membrane by the Na+/K+ pump allows for Na+ to move passively into the cell across the __________ membrane through specific channels or transporters

apical

Cotransportation of substances with Na+ is what type of process?

secondary active transport

Sodium-glucose cotransports reach a point where there can not be any more glucose transported across for reabsorption. This would be known as the _________________. When this is reached, glucose is filtered out through the ___________.

transport maximum; urine

tubular secretion

is movement of substances from the capillaries to the tubules

What types of ions are secreted into the tubules

hydrogen, potassium, and organic anions

Tubular secretion is important for:

Disposing of substances, such as drugs or metabolites, that are bound to plasma proteins

- Eliminating undesirable substances that were passively reabsorbed (example: urea and uric acid)

- Ridding body of excess K+ (aldosterone effect)

- Controlling blood pH by altering amounts of H+

or HCO3- in urine

The tubules can synthesize _________ during fasting and add into blood

glucose

Regulation of secretion and absorption within the tubules is achieved through hormones and _________ and autocrine factors

paracrine