Medical Botany Test 4

Give three examples of indole hallucinogens

Serotonin enhancers; psilocybin, mescaline, and LSD

What does serotonin work with?

Sensory perception, mood, sleep

Ergot is the source of ____, which can be chemically modified into

Lysergic acid; LSD

Lysergic acid comes from ___, which is thought to be responsible for the _____

Ergot; Salem witch trials

Symptoms of ergot poisoning

Tingling or burning limbs, vasoconstriction, reduced blood flow, hallucinations, convulsions

What is the test for witchcraft? How did this work?

Afflicted person pees on bread, feed to dog, if dog is afflicted with witchcraft, there is witchcraft; Lysergic acid is excreted through the kidneys

How did Albert Hoffman discover the psychedelic properties of LSD?

Looking for something to stop excessive bleeding of childbirth, accidentally pricked himself and absorbed some through his skin

Serotonin helps the brain ____ sensory perceptions, so LSD

Interpret

Ergine is AKA

Lysergic acid amide

Name three “plants” that contain LSD or LSD precursors and what precursor they contain

Morning glory; ergine; wood rose; ergine; magic mushrooms; psilocybin

MDMA is AKA

Ecstasy (crystal form) or molly (tablet form)

How might psilocybin help treat addiction?

Quiet autopilot mode and break a cycle

Name two plants that contain LSD-like compounds, are used by tribes, and cause severe vomiting. What are their compounds?

Ayahuasca; harmine and harmanine; peyote cactus; mescaline

Ayahuasca is also called _____ or ____. It is used by _____

Serpent vomit; Yage’; South American tribes

What are norepinephrine enhancers?

Adrenaline

Peyote cactus, containing mescaline, is extremely ____

bitter

What is the effect of norepinephrine? What happens to the body?

Fight or flight, arousal, memory, focus; Increase heart rate and blood pressure, release glucose into blood

What is the example for norepinephrine enhancers?

Nutmeg

What are the active compounds of nutmeg? What do they do?

Myristicin and elemin; block breakdown of norepinephrine in the brain, hallucinations in sickeningly large doses

What name four plants that are acetylcholine enhancers

Jimsonweed, angel’s trumpet, henbane, belladonna

What kind of hallucinations do LSD tend to give? Harmine? What about acetylcholine enhancers?

Exotic; exotic; Demonic and violent

Amanita muscaria affects the sixth sense. What is the sixth sense?

Sense of where our body is located in space and the bodily proportions

The mad hatter is mad because of

Mercury poisoning

Angel’s trumpet contains the hallucinogenic alkaloid _____. It is also ____

Scopolamine; poisonous

Henbane contains the hallucinogen alkaloid _____. It has medical values such as _____

hyoscyamine; stopping muscle spasms

Belladonna contains ____ and _____. ____ produces a sensation of flying (witches flying on brooms) and binds to the ____ ______ receptors, similar to ______

Atropine; scopolamine; scopolamine; muscarinic; acetylcholine; the fly agaric

Name three hallucinogenic plants (that act on the acetylcholine receptors) and their hallucinogenic alkaloids

Belladonna; scopolamine; Henbane; hyoscyamine; tobacco; nicotine

Tobacco contains ____ and acts on the ____ _____ receptors. How was it used by Native Americans?

nicotine; nicotinic; acetylcholine; Consumed in large amounts after fasting

What compounds are in Amanita muscaria? What do they give the mushroom?

Ibotenic acid and muscimol; toxicity and hallucinogenic effects

How does THC work?

Mimics natural endocannabinoids such as anandamide

What did Harry Anslinger do?

Justified the DEA funding by demonizing and criminalizing marijuana usage, likely based on racism

Who justified the DEA funding by demonizing and criminalizing marijuana usage, likely based on racism?

Harry Anslinger

Generally, the effects of marijuana are

Reddened eyes, increased heart rate, dry mouth

Marijuana is an effective treatment for _____ and can help cancer treatments with ____ and help them ________. Other potential benefits are ____, _____, and ____

Glaucoma; nausea; maintain their appetite; reducing seizures; helping mental disorders; pain management

What did Raphael Mechoulam do?

Identified the structure of CBD and isolated THC

Who identified the structure of CBD and isolated THC

Raphael Mechoulam

Why do they need to be careful with cannabis use?

Adding extra cannabinoids will reduce your own cannabinoids

Smoking marijuana is a tradition spread to ____ by _______. This was ______, and was ____ as a result.

Mexico; African slaves; not mainstream culture; demonized and banned;

Why was hemp rope preferred for ship rigging?

Unlike cotton rope, hemp rope doesn’t stretch when wet

Why was hemp introduced to the Americas?

Fiber crop for ship rigging rope

Who was Jacques Moreau? What did he do

French psychiatrist who introduced hashish to the intellectual classes of Europe

Who introduced hashish to the intellectual classes of Europe?

Jacques Moreau

What book romanticized marijuana use in Europe?

Tales of the Arabian Nights

Marijuana resin accumulates in the ____ of the plant

Female flowers

What is “ground marijuana leaves and spices added to milk” called?

Bhang

What are the “dried upper leaves and female flowers of the marijuana plant” called in India?

Ganja

What is “relatively pure marijuana resin” called in India

Hashish

What is hashish?

Relatively pure marijuana resin

What is ganja?

Dried upper leaves and female flowers of the marijuana plant

What is bhang?

Ground marijuana leaves and spices added to milk

In ancient China, the ____ variety of marijuana was widely used for ____ and ____.
In the Veda texts, the ___ variety of marijuana was widely used for ____

Hemp; cloth; paper; drug; psychoactive properties

Ruderalis marijuana has a ___ THC concentration but/and ___ cannabidiol. It was/is used for ____.

Moderate; moderate; Very little because it is moderate quality in everything, including in fiber

Sativa marijuana has a _____ THC concentration but/and ____ cannabidiol. It was/is used for _____. It was banned because _____.

Low (<0.3%); high; fiber in ropes; the DEA couldn’t tell between Sativa and Indica

Indica marijuana has a _____ THC concentration but/and ______ cannabidiol. It is used for ____

high (>1%); no; drugs

The three types of marijuana are called ____ and are: _____ (the ____ type), _____ (the _____ type), and ____ (the ____ type). They may be different ____ or ____

chemotypes; sativa; hemp; indica; drug; ruderalis; intermediate; species; cultivars

THC is used via

Smoking or consumption

Marijuana interacts with the _____ system. The active psychoactive compound is ____, a _____, meaning it’s stored in ______

Endocannabinoid; THC; resin; body fat

Where is Amanita muscaria native to?

Northern hemisphere

What are the top medical uses for marijuana (in order from most common use to least)?

Help with chronic pain, anxiety, PTSD, and sleep

Marijuana has legitimate medical uses such as ______ and _____, but it is being used _____ at very high doses, which has lasting effects on ______

treating glaucoma; chemotherapy-induced nausea; recreationally; brain development

Indole hallucinogens are _____ enhancers, meaning they are _________. They are _______ and ______.

Serotonin; analogues of serotonin; LSD; related compounds

Serotonin regulates:

Sensory perceptions, mood, memory processing, and sleep

Indole hallucinogens:

Compound _______
Plant source _______

Compound _________
Plant source _________

Compound __________
Plant source __________

Harmine; Yage’/Ayahuasca; Mescaline; Peyote cactus; Psilocybin; Magic mushrooms

Ergot is a source of ______, which can be chemically modified into _______

lysergic acid; LSD

LSD and related compounds include:

LSD, harmine, harmiline, psilocybin, and mescaline

How does ergot grow?

Spores get into the plant, grow up through the stalks, and replace the grains with the fungus

____ is thought to be responsible for the Salem witch trials. The symptoms are _____ and _____ due to ______. The cause was thought to be that ______

Ergot poisoning; abnormal behavior; tingling in extremities; reduced blood flow; someone in the village bewitching the patient

How did they test for witchcraft (ergot poisoning)?

Pee on a piece of bread and give it to a dog. If the dog behaved erratically, it was witchcraft; Ergot poisoning is excreted through the kidneys

____ people were convicted of witchcraft and ____ hanged.

30; 19

In severe cases, ergot poisoning can cause ______ that leads to ________

Severe vasoconstriction; gangrene in the fingers and toes

Who discovered the psychedelic properties of LSD? How?

Albert Hoffman; accidentally pricked himself with a needle while looking for a compound to reduce bleeding after childbirth

Albert Hoffman did what? How?

Discovered the psychedelic properties of LSD; accidentally pricked himself with a needle while looking for a compound to reduce bleeding after childbirth

What was studied by the CIA as a possible truth serum?

LSD

LSD was studied to be a possible ________ by ____.

Truth serum; the CIA

The hallucinogenic effects of LSD are ____, but some experience _____ because LSD affects _____, which is responsible for ________

positive; frightening images; serotonin; sensory perception, emotions

The _____ of some species of morning glory contains ________

Seeds; ergine

Ergine is contained in

Seeds of some morning glory; wood rose

Ergine is ______, which is a _____. The effects are ______

lysergic acid amide; precursor of LSD; similar to LSD

While LSD precursors are contained in some plants, a “high” is not usually achieved because

Enough of the plant has to be consumed to cause sickness or injury

The magic mushroom contains ______. The effects are _____

Psilocybin; similar to LSD but shorter in duration

MDMA is also called

Ecstasy/Molly

Some researchers are considering _______ like ________ to treat mental disorders such as _____

psychedelic drugs; LSD, MDMA, and psilocybin; PTSD

Besides mental disorders, psychedelic drugs can be used on ______ to ______

terminal patients; make them more comfortable with dying

There are no known overdoses with ______

psilocybin

Ayahuasca (Yage’) contains the alkaloids ________. The effect is _________

Harmine and harmanine; similar to LSD, but first severe vomiting and diarrhea

Peyote cactus is native to

the Rio Grande

Yage’ (Ayahuasca) is native to

The Amazon

Peyote cactus contains the alkaloid _______. It causes __________

Mescaline; vomiting and psychoactive effects

Norepinephrine enhancers: Norepinephrine is essentially _____.

Adrenaline

Nutmeg contains __________ enhancers such as ________, which _____ the breakdown of _______ in the brain

Norepinephrine; myristicin and elemin; block; norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is involved in the ___________ and increases __________ by increasing _____________

fight or flight response; arousal, alertness, memory retrieval, attention; heart rate and blood pressure

Nutmeg is native to _______ and can cause ____________

Southeast Asia; hallucinations in large doses

Acetylcholine enhancers are contained in

Solanaceae and Amanita mushrooms

Acetylcholine enhancers:

Compound: _____
Plant source: ______

Muscarine; Amanita muscaria;

Muscarine affects the ____ receptors and causes: __________

Muscarinic acetylcholine; delirium, amnesia, and hallucinations;

The fly agaric is thought to be _________ and is used in _____ to _____.

Deified by the Aryans around 2000 BC; shamanic rituals; communicate with the gods

_____ is the caterpillar sitting on the mushroom in Alice in Wonderland, a reference to _______

Absolem; cannabis introduction to Europe

The mad hatter is a reference to _________.

Mercury poisoning by many hat makers, which used it to weigh down and flatten hat brims

The Solanaceae family contains alkaloids such as ______, ______, and _____, which are _____; they cause ____________.

scopolamine; hyoscyamine; atropine; deliriants; hallucinations, disorientation, and incoherence

Jimsonweed is native to

Eastern U.S.