1 year topics

what is evaluated during a small bowel series?

duodenum, jejunum, illeum

what position demonstrates the hepatic flexure the best?

lpo

what projection shows duodenal bulb and loop in profile the best

rao

what projection is best to see esophogus free of superimposition of spine

rao

what is order of retrograde filling of BE

anus, rectum, sigmoid, descending, transverse, ascending cecum

what are 8 factors that affect receptor exposure

kvp, mas, sid, collimation, patient thickness, tissue density, grids, filtration

inverse square law

intensity is inversely related to the distance squared

as i double my distance from source what happens to intensity

cut into 1/4

does increasing SID decrease or increase receptor exposure

decrease

does increasing filtration increase or decrease receptor exposure

decrease (removes low energy x rays)

if an incoming photons energy is higher than the binding energy of the tissue, what interaction will occur

PE

if the binding energy of a tissue is higher than an incoming photon what interaction will occur

none

ways to remember if photon needs more or less energy

photon needs enough energy to knock out an inner shell electron

if tissues energy is too high, photon wont have enough to knock an electron out

does photoelecteon increase or decrease with high kvp

decrease

what is primary controlling factor of radiographic contrast

kvp

if theres inadequate mas what happens to the image

quantum mottle increases, grainy

what is the controlling factor of spatial resolution

focal spot size

more OID does what to spatial resolution and why

reduces it because could cause magnification

image processing (window level) and receptor exposure affects what

brightness

Low kVp causes high or low subject contrast

High

Low kvp causes short or long scale radiographic contrast

short scale

To double receptor exposure (brightness) what do you do to kvp and mas and why

Increase kvp 15% keep mas same because making the beam stronger means more photons hitting receptor.

What do you do to technique to maintain brightness but lower contrast and why

Increase kvp 15% half MAs

Because throwing half as many photons but throwing them harder

What kind of subject contrast does low kvp have and why

High because it’s not as strong enough to pass through bone so it absorbs causing more contrast

When going from non grid to 5:1 grid increase kvp by

8-10

When going from non grid to 8:1 grid increase kvp by

13-15

When going from non grid to 16:1 grid increase kvp by

30-40

Think of this:

mAs like paint balls; more paint thrown, darker the color

(More x rays thrown, darker the image)

If image is too light after collimating, what do you increase ?

mAs

For overall brightness of an image you want more?

Mas

Receptor exposure

List the Bucky factors (increase mas)for the following ratios

5:1,6:1,8:1,12:1,15:1

2,3,4,5,6

what is the relationship between mas and receptor exposure

direct

if your mas is 10 and your kvp is 50 and you want to double the receptor expsoure but maintain contrast what would your new technique be

20mas 50 kvp

what is the purpose of using a grid with a higher grid ratio

to increase potential for scatter absorption

what is dose limit for eyes

150 msv 15 rem

what is annual occupational dose limit

50 msv 5 rem

What is the formula for unsharpness

FS(OID/SOD)

What is formula for relative sharpness

SOD/OID

What is the magnification formula in an image

IS/OS=SID/SOD

What is the percent of magnification/magnification factor formula

(SID/SOD-1)100

what is a window/ openining into organ

lumen

hole/opening

foramen

opening/mouth

os

small rounded elevated process

tubercle

large rounded process

tuberosity

cleft/slit/groove

fissure

pit/hollow space

fossa

tube like passage

meatus

fluid in pleural cavity

pleural effusion

what are the types of fibrous joints

suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

what are types of cartilagenous joints

symphysis, synchondrosis, synarthrosis

what is general population dose limit

.1 rem 1msv

what is occupational pregnant dose

.5 rem 5 msv

what is embryofetal dose limit

.05rem .5msv

what is hands/feet dose limit

50rem 500msv

folds in small intestine

plica circularis

what is lining of abdominal wall

peritoneum

what lines thorax

pleura

what are the layers of the intenstines

mucosal, submucosal, muscular, serous

folds in stomach

rugae

folds in large intestine

haustra

what are organs in the mediastinum

heart, great vessels, esophogus, aorta

how many bones in the axial skeleton

80

how many bones in the appendicular skeleton

126

what is the sequence that food goes when eaten

mouth, pharynx, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

what are some responsibilities of a radiographer

assist radiologist, patient care, diagnostic exams, radiation safety

what has to be on an image to make it legal

gender, date/time, facility, name, dob/mrn, correct marker

what is surgical aspesis

complete removal of microorganisms and their spores

what is medical asepsis

reduces number and spread of microorganisms

what are some means of transmission

direct, indirect, droplet, vector, fomite, airborn, vehicle

what is adult BP

90-120/50-70

what is children BP

85-130/45-85

what is adult respiration rate

15-20 breath per minute

what is infant respiration rate

30-60 breath per minute

what is adult temperature

97.8-99

what is child temperature

97.8-98.6

what is infant temperature

99-99.7

what is definition of standard precautions

method to isolate substances to help prevent spread of disease

what are 3 communication methods

speaking, writing, interpersonal

what is diabetic ketoacidosis

insufficient insulin and too much sugar

what is hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

what is hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome

result of dehydration

what are examples of advanced directives

living will

dnr

dni

full code

what is intentional tort and example

assaulting patient

doing something with intention to cause harm

what is libel

written false statement

what is slander

spoken false statement

what is battery

unlawful touching

res ispa loquiter

defendant had exclusive control of thing causing harm

what is assault

threat to injure someone

respondent superior

employer responsible for thing causing harm while in scope of practice

what are types of shock

anaphylaxis

neurogenic

septic

what are routine projections for UGI

AP

LPO

PA

RTLAT

scout

what is seen in ugi rao

duodenal bulb in profile

barium filled body and plyorus

what is seen in lpo ugi

duodenal bulb in profile

barium filled fundus

how high above patient does IV pole need to be forBE

18'“-24”

what is the routine for BE

scout

AP

PA

RT LAT

RPO

LPO

AP axial

lateral rectum

post evac kub

what is seen in LPO BE

hepatic flexure

what is seen in RPO BE

splenic flexure

how much angle for ap axial BE

30-40 cephalad

what is the formula to find pixel size

FOV/matrix