Emotion, Motivation, Personality, and Social Psychology

These flashcards cover key concepts, theories, and definitions from the lecture notes on emotion, motivation, personality, and social psychology.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Doing something because you enjoy it.

What is extrinsic motivation?

Doing something for rewards or to avoid punishment.

How do cultures differ in motivation?

Cultures differ in what goals matter, such as independence vs. group success.

What is the evolutionary theory of motivation?

Behaviors help us survive.

What does drive reduction theory suggest?

We act to reduce internal tension such as hunger and thirst.

What is optimal arousal motivation theory?

We seek the 'right' level of excitement.

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

A theory that categorizes needs from basic to advanced, such as food to self-actualization.

What is self-efficacy?

The belief that you can succeed, which increases motivation.

Why do humans have a need to belong?

Humans naturally want social relationships.

What is achievement motivation?

The desire to do well, meet goals, and outperform others.

What are basic emotions?

Fear, anger, sadness, joy, and disgust.

What are self-conscious emotions?

Emotions that require self-awareness, such as shame, guilt, and pride.

How do emotions affect attention and behavior?

Emotions direct attention and guide actions, such as fear leading to escape.

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Body reaction leads to the experience of emotion.

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Body and emotion happen simultaneously.

What is the Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor) theory of emotion?

Arousal and thinking combine to create emotion.

What does the Lazarus theory state about emotion?

Thought occurs before emotion.

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Facial expressions influence feelings.

What are the functions of emotions?

They help us survive, communicate, and make decisions.

How are emotions recognized across cultures?

Basic emotions are universal but display rules differ by culture.

What happens if emotions are not regulated?

It can lead to stress, conflict, and poor mental health.

What is self-determination theory?

Motivation improves when needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are met.

What is the difference between personality, traits, and states?

Personality is long-term patterns; traits are stable characteristics; states are temporary feelings.

What does OCEAN stand for in the Big Five Traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Who developed the theory of personality that included the id, ego, and superego?

Sigmund Freud.

What did Erikson's theory focus on?

Psychosocial stages across the lifespan.

What theory did Bandura propose?

Social-cognitive theory, emphasizing self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism.

What are defense mechanisms?

Psychological strategies such as denial, projection, repression, and displacement.

What impact does genetics have on personality?

Twin studies indicate a genetic influence on personality.

What is a common problem with the Myers-Briggs personality test?

It is not reliable or valid and poorly predicts behavior.

What did the Minnesota Twin Study reveal?

Twins raised apart still had similar personalities, indicating genetic influence.

What does the Marshmallow Study demonstrate?

Delayed gratification is linked to better outcomes later in life.

What is situationism in social psychology?

The idea that behavior is influenced by the environment.

What is dispositionism in social psychology?

The idea that behavior is influenced by personality.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to overestimate personality factors and underestimate situational factors.

What effect does the actor-observer bias have on behavior attribution?

We attribute our own behaviors to the situation but others' behaviors to their traits.

What is cognitive dissonance?

Mental discomfort when attitudes do not match behavior.

What are the two types of persuasion mentioned?

Central (logic-driven) and peripheral (emotion-driven) persuasion.

What is the Asch Effect?

The influence to conform to the group even when the group is wrong.

What does groupthink lead to?

Desire for harmony that results in bad decisions.

What is the bystander effect?

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.