Race and ethnicity

One- Drop rule

A custom that a person who had any African ancestry was classified as Black

Race

System humans created to classify groups of people mostly based on skin tone

Ethnicity

Common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people

Eugenics

The idea hat we can actively improve the genetic profile of humans

Implicit bias

associations out minds make between seemingly unrelated things

Explicit bias

bias that we are openly and conciously aware of

Internalized bias

When a person belonging to a marginalized racial group associates their own group with negative evaluations

Stereotypes

Widely-shared perception about the personal characteristics, tendencies, or abilities of individual members of a particular group

Prejudices

Preconceived beliefs, attitudes, or opinions about members of another group

Group Threat Theory

Argues that prejudices grow stronger if we begin to think of another group as an economic, political, or cultural threat

Ultimate attributions error

Psychological phenomenon in which undesirable characteristics exhibited by members of another group as perceived as innate and attributing positive behaviour to luck

Cognitive dissonance

Psychological state in which preconceived ideas do not allign with what we see with our own eyes

Contact theory

Helps explain how interactions with members of other groups affects prejudicial beliefs

Positive discrimination

Efforts to rectify historical and current forms of negative discriminations

Reparations

Compensation, usually financial, for and recognition of past harm against specific people

Institutional racism

Ideas that our nation’s core institutions are embedded with racial biases and preferences that recreate and maintain racial inequality

Affirmative action

Policies or programs that seek to rectify past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal oppurtunity now

Immigrant selectivity

Process whereby people who immigrate to the US from certain countries have a unique demographic profile compared to people who stay behind in their home country