PSY201 Exam 4

abnormal behavior

deviance, personal distress, maladapative behavior

deviance

something rare; an indication of potential abnormality

personal distress

feelings of upset about it; someone anxious but manageable

maladaptive behavior

behaviors that have negative consequences you dont want or try to overcome

what is the conceptualization of mental illness in the biopsychosocial model

every mental illness has a biological, psychological, and social cause

what is the conceptualization of mental illness in the medical model

hippocrates believed mental illnesses were caused by body fluids

phobia

based on fear, tends to have a trigger or identified cause, anxiety that impairs daily life

panic disorder

the most severe anxiety disorder, characterized by intense physiological arousal not related to a specific stimulus

generalized anxiety disorder

chronic, high level of anxiety, dizziness, sweating, heart palpitations

obsessive-compulsive disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive, irrational intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images, and irresistible, repetitive acts

obsessions

the thoughts in OCD

compulsions

the actions/behaviors in OCD

compulsive behavior has been associated with anxiety reduction

through operant conditioning

freud, pavlov, skinner, and rogers are all what type of psychologists

sociocultural psychologists

post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd)

reaction to a traumatic or life-threatening situation

what are the symptoms of ptsd

repeated reexperiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of the situation, emotional numbness, and increased arousal, hypervigilance, flashbacks

who is more likely to get PTSD and why

men because they tend to be more impulsive

who is more likely to suffer/experience PTSD and why

women because they tend to express their emotions more in healthy ways

what age are women more likely to have more severe trauma

at a younger age

what age are men more likely to have more severe trauma

at an older age

are most anxiety disorders classical or operant conditioning

classical conditioning

dissociative amnesia

characterized by disturbance in memory, sense of self, identity, important personal information as a response to a traumatic event

dissociative identity disorder (did)

multiple personalities due to severe, early-life trauma causing memory gaps and identity disruption

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

bipolar disorder (bpd)

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

manic episode

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

how many types of bpd are there

two

what is the first type of bpd called

manic bpd

what is the second type of bpd called

hypomanic bpd

manic bpd

longer durations, severe, tend to be maladaptive, don’t need history of depression for diagnosis

hypomanic bpd

characterized by a distinct period of elevated or irritable mood, not always maladaptive, milder than manic,

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia

the presence of inappropriate behaviors such as delusions or hallucinations

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur

hallucinations

sensory experiences without sensory stimulation, false perceptions

what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia

the absence of appropriate behaviors such as expressionless faces, rigid bodies

psychosis

the inability to tell the difference between reality and fantasy (delusions)

what are the four types of schizophrenia

disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, and undifferentiated type

disorganized schizophrenia

random, uncorrelated delusions, “no theme”

catatonic schizophrenia

adopting of rigid posture and not responsive, waxy flexibility, moves limbs like an action figure

paranoid schizophrenia

persecutory delusions, “out to get them”, paranoid thoughts, organized thoughts and delusions

undifferentiated schizophrenia

anything that doesn’t fall into disorganized, catatonic, or paranoid type schizophrenia

somatoform disorders

physical ailments that cannot be explained by organic conditions

psychosomatic diseases

real physical disorders in which psychological factors play a role

conversion disorder

none to moderate concern with a focus on symptoms onset of 20-30 with a specific nature of symptoms

hypochondrias disorder

grave concern with a focus on fear, onset of 20-30 with a moderate specificity nature of symptoms

somatization disorder

moderate concern with a focus on symptoms, onset of teens with a vague nature of symptoms

freud believed cold, domineering mothers in north Europe caused

schizophrenia

what are some causes of schizophrenia

stress, abuse, neglect, and genetics

personality disorders

long-standing patterns of maladaptive behavior that are usually evident during the adolescent years and are resistant to treatment

how many types of clusters are personality disorders divided into

three

personality disorders tend to be

physically constant, an extension of personality, either long-standing or episodic

what is the first type of personality disorder clusters

odd or eccentric behavior; paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal

what is the second type of personality disorder clusters

dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior; antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narssistic

what is the third type of personality disorder clusters

anxious or fearful behavior; avoidant dependent and obsessive-compulsive

what are the symptoms of antisocial personality disorders

disregard for rules, lack of concern for others, act on impulse, typically irresponsible, lack remorse, may be highly intelligent and charming, and found more often among men

what are the symptoms of borderline personality disorder

turbulent moods, stormy relationship with others, difficulty controlling emotions, unstable self-image

gender identity disorder

a sexual disorder in which a personal believes that he or she was born with the wrong biological sex organs

paraphilia

sexual arousal by objects or situations not considered sexual by most people

fetishism

a paraphilia in which a person is sexually aroused by unusual objects or body parts

some people believed in “possession” by evil spirits,

so they used treatments such as exorcism or trephining; lobotomies

the greek philosopher and physician Hippocrates proposed that

physical and psychological disorders have natural causes; humors, phlegm, bile, blood

during the 16th and 17th centuries, some people that suffered from psychological disorders were accused of

being witches, so they were forced to be drowned

in the 18th century, mentally ill people in Paris were often

chained to walls

a physician, Philippe pinel, argued that

these patients needed humane care and treatment

Benjamin rush introduce moral therapy at Philadelphia’s Pennsylvania hospital

the first general hospital in the us with a separate unit for the mentally ill

in the mid-19th century, Doretha dix convinced legislatures in 20 states to

establish or enlarge mental hospitals

Franz Anton Mesmer and his notion of animal magnetism offered a very different view of

psychological disorders and their treatment

with modifications, Franz Anton Mesmer’s techniques evolved into

hyponotism

sigmund freud developed the notion that psychological disorders result from

unconscious feelings and conflicts

who was the first psychologist to do psychotherapy

sigmund freud

psychotherapy

special relationship between a distressed person and a therapist, in which the therapist helps the client make changes in his or her thinking, feeling, and behavior

psychoanalytic therapy

uses free association, resistance, and transference to help their clients

free association

talking freely, no questions/guidance, therapist sits behind client, helps reveal thoughts and feelings

resistance

unconscious opposition to bringing threatening or painful material into conscious awareness during therapy

transference

when the client transfers emotions about someone into life to therapist; can be good or bad

who invented psychoanalytic therapy

sigmund freud

client-centered therapy

humanistic approach, conditions of worth placed on people, asking questions, mirroring phrases the client says, holding head, open space, eye contact

who invented client-centered therapy

carl rogers

behavior therapy

application of learning principles to make adaptive changes in behavior with a focus on changing problem behaviors, not exploring feelings

behavior therapy uses techniques like

systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, and token economy

systematic desensitization

an effective treatment for phobias in which clients are taught relaxation techniques and then asked to imagine or approached feared situations gradually

aversion therapy

uses unpleasant or painful stimuli such as electrical shock, nausea-inducing drugs, or repugnant tastes or smells to decrease unwanted behavior

token economy

reinforces desirable behaviors with tokens (secondary reinforcers), which can be redeemed for other reinforces, especially primary reinforcers

systematic desensitization helps treat

anxiety

behavioral therapy is

hands-on

psychoanalytic and humanistic is

nondirective

cognitive therapy

designed to change conditions in order to eliminate maladaptive behaviors; the most common therapy

rational-emotive behavior therapy

a cognitive therapy in which the therapist challenges and questions the client’s irrational ideas

beck’s cognitive therapy

often interprets events in a way that leads to self-blame, and they rely on cognitive distortion that can maintain their negative views

cognitive triad

our self, future, and world around us

these distorted interpretations and errors are fueled by

automatic thoughts that occur despite their being contrary to objective reality

who invented cognitive therapy

Aaron beck and Albert ellis

what biological therapies are available to people who suffer from mental illness

medications that balance brain chemistry, and electroconvulsive therapy

what neurotransmitters do medications for each disorder tend to target

serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine for mood/anxiety; GABA for conditions like depression, ADHD, anxiety, schizophrenia and BPD

biomedical therapy

study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

anti anxiety drugs

can produce worsening symptoms if discontinued; Xanax, valium

antidepressants

used to help clients with eating disorders, panic attacks, OCD, and social phobia; Zoloft, Paxil, prozac

what are the pros and cons of antidepressants

tend to be effective but risk of overdose

mood stabilizer

used to flatten out cycles of manic behavior/depression; lithium, depakote, tegretol