LABORATORY DATA

RHEUMATOID FACTOR

FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

* Red Blood Cells (45%)
* White Blood Cells (>1%)
* platelets (>1%)
* 55% fluid (Plasma)

Human Blood is made up of about **45%** cellular components, primarily

RED BLOOD CELLS

CARRY OXYGEN

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

FIGHT INFECTION

PLATELETS

CLOTTING

PLASMA

TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, PROTEINS

1. HEMATOLOGY
2. BLOOD OR SERUM CHEMISTRY
3. URINALYSIS
4. COAGULATION

The most common categories for laboratory tests for human clinical trials are:

HEMATOLOGY

* the branch of medical science dealing with the blood and blood-forming tissues, including morphology, physiology, and pathology.
* category is of those tests involving the cellular components of the blood,

* CBC
* HEMOGLOBIN
* HEMATOCRIT
* MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
* MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)
* MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)

COMMON LABORATORY TESTS for Hematology

* PLT
* WBC (White Blood Cell Counts)

o Neutrophils (% and/or absolute)

o Lymphocytes (% and/or absolute)

o Monocytes (% and/or absolute)

o Eosinophils (% and/or absolute)

o Basophils (% and/or absolute)

CBC

BLOOD OR SERUM CHEMISTRY

* the determination of the chemical constituents of blood by assay in a clinical laboratory as part of a diagnostic protocol.
* focuses on the plasma components

* Albumin
* LDH (Lactate Dihydrogenase)
* Alkaline Phosphatase
* Phosphorus
* Bicarbonate
* Potassium
* BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)
* SGPT (ALT - alanine transaminase)
* Calcium
* SGOT (AST- aspartate transaminase)
* Cholesterol
* Sodium
* Creatinine
* Total Bilirubin
* Chloride
* Total Protein
* Calcium
* Triglycerides
* GGT
* Uric Acid
* Glucose

Blood/Serum CHEMISTRY

FUNCTIONAL TESTS

Certain Blood chemistry tests are often lumped together because they are indicators for organ and biological functions

URIC ACID

GOUT DETECTION

SGOT/SGPT

LIVER FUNCTION TEST

ANTI-DNA ANTIBODY

SLE DIAGNOSIS

CK-MB, LDH AND TROPONIN

IDENTIFIES CARDIAC DAMAGE OR MUSCLE DAMAGE

Triglycerides, Cholesterol(LDL, HDL)

LIPIDS

Glucose, fats

NUTRITIONAL

Sodium, Potassium, chloride

ELECTROLYTES

Amylase

PANCREAS

BUN, creatinine

Kidney

ALT, AST, Alkaline Phosphotase, GGT, LDH, Albumin, Bilirubin

Liver

URINALYSIS

group are those tests involving components of the Urine

* Urine pH
* Urine Specific Gravity

URINALYSIS

COAGULATION

* to assess blood clotting function in patients

\- these are sometimes grouped into the Hematology test category

* ProthrombinTime (PT)
* Partial ThromboplastinTime (PTT)

\- International Normalization Ratio (INR)

COAGULATION

COAGULATION CASCADE; blood clot

When a body tissue is injured and begins to bleed, it initiates a sequence of clotting factor activities - the ? - leading to the formation of a ?

extrinsic, intrinsic, and common

cascade is comprised of three pathways:

Prothrombin Time (PT)

measures the integrity of the **extrinsic system** as well as factors common to both systems

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

measures the integrity of the **intrinsic system** and the common components

1. Injury/rupture to blood vessel
2. Blood vessel around wound constrict - reduce blood flow to the damaged area
3. Activated Platelets stick to injury site
4. Platelets become sticky and clump together to form platelet plug
5. Platelets & damaged tissue release clotting factors
6. Blood clotting mechanism to form Fibrin which acts like a mesh to stop the bleeding

COGULATION CASCADE PROCESS:

1. Microbiology, tests are those testing for the presence of specific bacteria, and fungi.
2. Stool specimens
3. Testing for specific drugs

Less common categories are: