Bio 40s exam flash cards

Alternative forms of a gene are called __________.

Alleles

The genetic make-up of an organism for a particular trait is referred to as its __________.

Genotype

A __________ is a haploid cell produced from meiosis.

Gamete

A cross involving only one trait is known as a __________ __________.

Monohybrid Cross

An organism that has two different versions for the same gene is termed __________.

Heterozygous

An organism that has two of the same version for a gene is termed __________.

Homozygous

Mendel's Law stating that the presence of one type of allele will 'mask' the presence of another is called the __________ of __________.

Law of Dominance

Mendel's Law that states during gamete formation, the inheritance of one allele for a gene has no effect on the inheritance of an allele for another gene is the __________ of __________ __________.

Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's Law stating that during gamete formation, homologous chromosomes separate into different gametes is the __________ of __________.

Law of Segregation

A Dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents produces offspring in the ratio of ::__________:___________.

9:3:3:1

If a species normally has 46 chromosomes, the cells it produces by meiosis would have __________ chromosomes.

23

Traits controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes are known as - traits.

Sex-Linked

Inheritance pattern where more than one gene is deemed to be 'dominant', such as the ABO blood groups, is called - traits.

Co-Dominant

The chromosome combinations for a male (XY) and a female (XX) is known as a __________.

Karyotype

The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis can lead to conditions such as Down's, Turner's, and Klinefelter's Syndrome, termed __________.

Nondisjunction

In order to determine genotypes accurately, a __________ __________ is conducted, crossing the unknown genotype with a known homozygous recessive.

Test Cross

The sudden appearance of a new allele or gene type is called a __________.

Mutation

The type of chromosomes typically known as 'body chromosomes' are called __________.

Autosomes

A chart used for tracking the presence of a certain characteristic through family lines is called a __________ __________.

Pedigree Chart

The 'P' generation refers to the original pair of parents in a genetic cross known as the __________ __________ (P).

Parental Generation

The result of a cross between the 'P' generation is referred to as the __________ generation.

F1 Generation

The physical appearance of a trait is termed the __________.

Phenotype

The exchange of short segments of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis is called __________ __________.

Crossing Over

A display of chromosome pairs used for identifying chromosomal abnormalities is known as __________ __________.

Karyotype Analysis

In sex-linked disorders, females with one copy of a healthy gene and one diseased gene are called __________.

Carriers

Theorist proposing changes in organisms due to the Earth's natural processes is called a __________ __________.

Geological Theorist

The concept that the Earth cannot hold an infinite number of organisms, leading to population crashes is referred to as __________ __________ __________.

Carrying Capacity Theorist

Theorist suggesting organisms change through acquiring characteristics and passing them to offspring is known as __________.

Lamarckism

Modern theory outlining six points leading to evolution is known as __________'s Theory of __________.

Darwin's; Evolution

More individuals are born than can be supported in an environment is known as the concept of __________.

Overpopulation

The possibility that individuals must 'fight' for life's necessities is known as _________ __________.

Survival Competition

Differences that exist within populations are referred to as __________.

Variability

The process where organisms become better suited to their environment is called __________.

Adaptation

'Survival of the Fittest' refers to __________ __________.

Natural Selection

'When organisms become reproductively isolated, __________ may occur.' is known as __________.

Speciation

The __________ of a population from Earth is termed __________.

Disappearance; Extinction

The summarized formula for the Hardy-Weinberg Equation is __________.

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

In the Hardy-Weinberg Equation, p represents the frequency of the __________ allele.

dominant

In the Hardy-Weinberg Equation, q represents the frequency of the __________ allele.

recessive

p² in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation represents the frequency of __________ individuals.

homozygous dominant

2pq in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation represents the frequency of __________ individuals.

heterozygous

q² in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation represents the frequency of __________ individuals.

homozygous recessive

Factors leading to a change in allele frequency include mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating, and __________ __________.

natural selection

Speciation due to physical barriers is called __________ speciation.

Allopatric

Speciation due to ecological barriers is known as __________ speciation.

Sympatric

Structures with the same structure but different functions are called __________ __________.

Homologous Structures

Appendages with different structures but similar functions are known as __________ __________.

Analogous Structures

When organisms share a common ancestor but become increasingly more dissimilar, it's called __________ __________.

Divergent Evolution

When organisms do not share a common ancestor but become increasingly similar is known as __________ __________.

Convergent Evolution

Structures that were used in ancient organisms but are reduced in modern organisms are called __________ structures.

Vestigial

Human-influenced evolution based on desired characteristics is termed __________ __________.

Artificial Selection

A change in allele frequency within a population is referred to as __________.

Evolution

Evolution occurs within __________.

populations

The theorist who devised the taxon system for classification and binomial nomenclature is called __________.

Linnaean Taxonomy

The taxon that contains the MOST biodiversity is the __________.

Domain

The taxon that contains the LEAST biodiversity is called a __________.

Species

The two-part naming system used in taxonomy is known as __________ __________.

Binomial Nomenclature

Cell type lacking a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles is termed __________ __________.

Prokaryotic Cells

What process do plants use to convert sunlight into energy?

Photosynthesis

What is the basic unit of life?

Cell

What molecule carries genetic information in living organisms?

DNA

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

Covalent bond

What is the largest organ in the human body?

Skin

What are the two types of cells based on the presence of a nucleus?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

What is the name of the process by which cells divide to form two identical daughter cells?

Mitosis

What term refers to the variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem?

Biodiversity

What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

To speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.