Bio 40s exam flash cards
Biology Exam Review Unit 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary Terms and Definitions
Alleles: Alternative forms of a gene.
Genotype: The genetic make-up of an organism for a particular trait.
Gamete: A haploid cell; the result of meiosis.
Monohybrid Cross: A cross involving only one trait.
Heterozygous: An organism that has two different versions for the same gene.
Homozygous: An organism that has two of the same version for a gene.
Law of Dominance: Mendel's Law stating that the presence of one type of allele will "mask" the presence of another.
Law of Independent Assortment: Mendel's Law that states during gamete formation, the inheritance of one allele for a gene has no effect on the inheritance of an allele for another gene.
Law of Segregation: Mendel's Law stating that during gamete formation, homologous chromosomes separate into different gametes.
Dihybrid Cross Ratio: A Dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents produces offspring in the ratio of 9:3:3:1.
Haploid: If a species normally has 46 chromosomes, the cells it produces by meiosis would have 23 chromosomes.
Sex-Linked Traits: Traits controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes.
Co-Dominant Traits: This type of inheritance pattern occurs when more than one gene is deemed to be "dominant", such as the ABO blood groups.
Karyotype: The chromosome combinations for a male (XY) and a female (XX).
Nondisjunction: The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, leading to conditions such as Down's, Turner's, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.
Test Cross: In order to determine genotypes accurately, farmers usually conduct a test cross involving crossing the unknown genotype with a known homozygous recessive.
Mutation: The sudden appearance of a new allele or gene type.
Autosomes: Type of chromosomes typically known as "body chromosomes".
Pedigree Chart: A chart used for tracking the presence of a certain characteristic through family lines.
Parental Generation (P): The "P" generation refers to the original pair of parents in a genetic cross.
F1 Generation: The result of a cross between the "P" generation.
Phenotype: The physical appearance of a trait.
Page 2: Genetics and Disorders Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary Terms and Definitions Continue
Crossing Over: The exchange of short segments of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
Karyotype Analysis: A display of the arrangement of chromosome pairs according to size, banding pattern, and centromere position, used for identifying chromosomal abnormalities.
Carriers: In sex-linked disorders, females with one copy of a healthy gene and one diseased gene are called carriers.
Written Response Topics
Cross between a heterozygous male with Widow's Peak (W) and a non-widow's peak female (w).
Cross between a homozygous dominant brown-eyed man (BB) with light hair (dd) and a blue-eyed woman (Bb).
Cross between a curly-haired man (CC) and a wavy-haired woman (CS).
Cross between a man with heterozygous type A blood (IAi) and a homozygous type B blood woman (IBIB).
Cross between two heterozygous irises (PW x PW).
Cross between a man with hemophilia and a carrier woman. Include a pedigree chart.
Karyotype analysis for gender identification and disorders.
Page 3: Molecular Basis for Inheritance Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary Terms and Definitions
Nucleotide: Consists of a 5-C sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate.
DNA Bases: The four nitrogen bases in DNA (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine).
RNA Bases: The four nitrogen bases in RNA (Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine).
Sugars: Sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, and sugar in RNA is ribose.
Double Helix: Shape of DNA discovered by Watson and Crick.
X-ray Crystallography: Method used to detect the shape of DNA.
Transcription: Making a molecule of RNA from a DNA template.
Replication: Making two identical molecules of DNA.
Semiconservative Replication: Process where two molecules of DNA are synthesized, with each containing one strand from the parent strand.
Translation: Process of forming a protein from an RNA message.
Base Pairing Rule in DNA: Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
Base Pairing Rule in RNA: Adenine pairs with Uracil, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
Backbone of DNA: The deoxyribose sugar-phosphate backbone.
Rungs of DNA: The nitrogen bases joined by hydrogen bonds.
Helicase: Enzyme that "splits" a DNA molecule during copying.
DNA Polymerase: Enzyme that adds free nucleotides to a DNA strand during copying.
Ligase: Enzyme that "glues" individual strands (Okazaki fragments) together.
Purines: Nitrogen bases known as adenine and guanine.
Pyrimidines: Nitrogen bases known as cytosine and thymine.
Mutation: If a single nucleotide is altered in a DNA molecule, it is termed a mutation.
Chromosomal Mutation: If a portion of a chromosome is altered by adding or deleting nucleotides, it is termed a mutation.
Restriction Enzymes: Important biochemicals used to "cut" a sequence of DNA into smaller pieces.
Gel Electrophoresis: Process used for separating segments of DNA.
CRISPR: Gene editing technology that uses restriction enzymes and guide RNA to modify DNA.
Page 4: Mechanics of DNA Processes
Key Vocabulary Terms and Definitions Continue
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): This process involves making many copies of DNA from a very small sample using a thermo-cycler and Taq polymerase.
Plasmid: A circular piece of genetic material, commonly found in bacteria, that can be shared between bacteria.
Cell Nucleus: Replication occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Transcription Site: Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Translation Site: Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Written Responses
Complete the chart outlining replication, transcription, and translation processes, referencing codon charts.
Page 5: Evolutionary Theory and Biodiversity Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary Terms and Definitions
Geological Theorist: Theorist proposing that changes in organisms are due to the Earth's natural geological processes.
Carrying Capacity Theorist: Theorist stating that the Earth cannot hold an infinite number of organisms, leading to population crashes.
Lamarckism: Theorist suggesting organisms change through acquiring characteristics and passing them to offspring.
Darwin's Theory of Evolution: Modern theory of evolution outlining six points leading to evolution.
Concept of Overpopulation: Point #1 - More individuals are born than can be supported in an environment.
Survival Competition: Point #2 - Individuals must "fight" for life's necessities.
Variability: Point #3 - Differences exist within populations.
Adaptation: Point #4 - Organisms become better suited to their environment.
Natural Selection: Point #5 - "Survival of the Fittest".
Speciation: Point #6 - When organisms become reproductively isolated, speciation may occur.
Extinction: The disappearance of a population from Earth.
Hardy-Weinberg Equation: Summarized formula: p² + 2pq + q² = 1.
Genotype Frequency: p = frequency of dominant allele.
Allele Frequency: q = frequency of recessive allele.
Homozygous Frequency: p² = frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.
Heterozygous Frequency: 2pq = frequency of heterozygous individuals.
Homozygous Recessive Frequency: q² = frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
Evolutionary Drivers: Factors leading to a change in allele frequency include mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection.
Allopatric Speciation: Speciation due to physical barriers.
Sympatric Speciation: Speciation due to ecological barriers.
Homologous Structures: Appendages with the same structure but different functions.
Analogous Structures: Appendages with different structures but similar functions.
Divergent Evolution: Organisms share a common ancestor but become increasingly more dissimilar.
Convergent Evolution: Organisms do not share a common ancestor but become increasingly similar.
Vestigial Structures: Structures that were used in ancient organisms but are reduced in modern organisms.
Artificial Selection: Human-influenced evolution based on desired characteristics.
Evolution: A change in allele frequency within a population.
Population Genetics: Evolution occurs within populations.
Linnaean Taxonomy: The theorist who devised the taxon system for classification and binomial nomenclature.
Domain: Taxon that contains the MOST biodiversity.
Species: Taxon that contains the LEAST biodiversity.
Binomial Nomenclature: The two-part naming system used in taxonomy.
Prokaryotic Cells: Cell type lacking a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.