SAAT Biology Section 2 Vocabulary (Protista and Fungi) - تحصيلي

Kingdom Protista

Th most diverse of all the kingdoms, classified according to feeding mechanisms

Protists

Can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like

Animal-like protists consume other organisms

Heterotrophs and single celled

Plant-like protists are photosynthetic

Single celled, colonial, or multicellular; no roots, stems, or leaves

Fungus-like protists decompose dead organisms

Heterotrophs with cellulose cell wall, can move whereas fungi cannot

Zooflagellates

Protozoa with flagella

Pseudopods

How some protists move

Animal-like protists

Often called Protozoa

Some protists move with

Cilia like paramecium of ciliphora

Protists can cause

Some well-known infectious diseases

Malaria cause and spread

Caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes

Sleeping sickness cause and spread

Caused by Trypanosoma and spread by Tse Tse flies

Giardia infection cause and spread

Caused by Giardia and spread through water

Diatoms

They are photosynthetic autotrophs and store their food as oil which makes them floatable on water

Diatomaceous sediments

The hard silica walls of the diatom which is the gritty texture of many tooth polishes and metal polishes

Dinoflagellates

They have a flagella beat, a spinning motion is created, so dinoflagellates spin as they move through water

Dinoflagellates cause

The red tide

Most euglenoids

Contains chloroplasts and photosynthesize

Some euglenoids can also

Invest other organisms such as smaller euglenoids and can split

Golden algae

Brown carotenoids that given them their golden-brown color

Brown algae

These algae have fucoxanthin dye and an example would be kelp

Green algae and plants

Both contain chlorophyll as a primary photosynthetic pigment which gives both groups a green color and both groups store their food as carbohydrates

Spirogyra

A multicellular green algae characterized by its long, thin filaments

Volvox

An example of an algae that has a colonial growth pattern and desmid

Red algae

Contains red photosynthetic pigments called phycoblin that given them a red color -

enable the red algae to absorb green, violet, and blue light that can penetrate water to a depth of 100 meters and used in food spices or more

Alternation of generations

A life cycle of algae that takes two generations to complete a life cycle, one reproduces sexually and the other asexually

Algae importance

Producers of oxygen and food in the aquatic environment

Meiosis

Occurs within the zygote, producing four haploid cells that will grow and mature

Fungi

Heterotroph organisms, because of the lack of chlorophyll and gain their nutrients by mutualistic, parasitic, saprophytic means

Fungi cell wall

Made of chitin

Where fungi are found

Moist shadowy places where decaying organic material is available

Fungi reproduction

Most can reproduce sexually and asexually by producing spores

Most members of Kingdom Fungi

Such as honey mushrooms, are multicellular

Yeast

Unicellular

Aquatic fungi

Live in water and moist places, as an example downy mildew fungus that attacks the potato

Hyphae

Te structural unit in the fungi

How the hyphae is separated

By cell walls called septa or merged into a single mycelium

Fungi asexual reproduction

By budding as in unicellular yeast cells or by fragmentation

Lichens

Organisms composed of algae and fungi living mutualistically; determine air pollution

Puccina trichina

Attacks wheat crops, corn smut attack corn, rhizopus stolonifer is the bread mould, downy mildew fungus attacks potatoes

Deuteromycetes

Named as they are because they lack a stage of reproduction in its life

Yeast usages

Used to produce bread, penicillium in the antibiotic penicillin

Chytridomycota (chytrids) phylum characteristics

Unicellular, aquatic, mixed, some are saprophytic while others are parasites, produce flagellated spores

Zygomycota (common molds) phylum characteristics

Multicellular, most are terrestrial, many form mutualistic relationships with plants, reproduce sexually and asexually

Ascomycota (sac fungi) phylum characteristics

Most are multicellular and some are unicellular, variety of habitats; saprophytic, parasitic, or mutualistic, reproduce asexually and sexually

Basidiomycota (club fungi) phylum characteristics

Most are multicellular, edible, most are terrestrial; saprophytic, parasitic, or mutualistic, rarely reproduce asexually

Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi) phylum characteristics

No sexual stage observed, very diverse group, might not be considered a true phylum

Symbiotic

The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together

Three different kinds of symbiosis

Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

Mutualism

A relationship in which organisms benefit from each other (positive, positive relationship)

Commensalism

A relationship in which one organism benefits from another organism that is not affected (positive, neutral relationship)

Parasitism

A relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits while the other (the host) is harmed (positive, negative relationship)

In a parasitic relationship,

If the host dies, the parasite also dies

Endoparasitism

Inner parasitism, like worms in the intestines

Ectoparasitism

Outer parasitism, like ticks and fleas

Incubation parasitism

Similar to when a brown headed bird puts its eggs in another birds’ nest until it hatches