The Endocrine System and Hormonal Regulation

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering the components, functions, and hormonal mechanisms of the human endocrine system based on lecture materials.

Compared to the Nervous system, the Endocrine system initiates responses __________.

Slowly

The __________ portion of the pituitary gland is considered a neural extension of the hypothalamus.

Posterior

__________ glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the blood or lymph.

Endocrine

Chemical messengers that have effects on the same cells that secrete them are called __________.

Autocrines

Most lipid-derived hormones are synthesized from __________.

cholesterol

Water-soluble hormones cannot pass through the plasma membrane, so their receptors are located on the __________ of target cells.

surface

A __________ stimulus occurs when blood levels of non-hormone chemicals, such as nutrients or ions, trigger hormone release.

Humoral

A __________ hormone is one that regulates the hormone secretion of another endocrine gland.

Tropic

The receptor-hormone complex of a lipid-soluble hormone enters the nucleus and triggers gene __________.

transcription

The hormone __________ increases water reabsorption in the kidney and is released by the posterior pituitary.

Antidiuretic Hormone

The thyroid gland contains follicles lined with follicular cells that secrete a colloid called __________.

thyroglobulin

Thyroid hormone, or thyroxine, is stimulated for release by __________.

thyroid stimulating hormone

The hormone __________ is released by parafollicular cells in the thyroid to decrease blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone regulates blood calcium levels by stimulating __________ to break down bone.

osteoclasts

The major targets for Growth hormone are bone and __________ muscle.

skeletal

The __________ zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids like Aldosterone.

Outer

Aldosterone regulates electrolyte concentrations, specifically the reabsorption of the ion ${Na^+}$.

sodium

During the __________ phase of the stress response, the endocrine system kicks in and primarily releases cortisol.

Resistance

In the adrenal medulla, Epinephrine increases blood flow to the heart and muscles, while __________ decreases blood flow to the gut and skin.

Norepinephrine

In the pancreas, __________ cells produce insulin to decrease blood glucose levels.

beta

The pineal gland secretes __________, an amine hormone that peaks at night to cause drowsiness.

Melatonin

The heart secretes __________, which decreases sodium reabsorption in the kidney and inhibits Aldosterone.

atrial natriuretic peptide

The kidneys secrete __________ in response to hypoxia to stimulate red blood cell production.

erythropoietin

The thymus gland secretes __________, which is involved in the development of the immune system.

thymosin