POSC 200 Final JMU

Montreal Protocol

(1987) An agreement on protection of the ozone layer in which states pledged to reduce and then eliminate use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The most successful environmental treaty to date.

Kyoto Protocol

(1997) A major international treaty on global warming, which took effect in 2005 and mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Almost all major countries, except the U.S.,were participants.

Paris Protocol

(2015) Keeping global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees celsius above preindustrial levels. Nearly all countries of the world are participants.

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)

-2006

Promotes dignity, equality of legal protection, and reasonable accommodation for disabled persons in all signatory states.

Jordan and Disability Rights

-A pioneering leader in the Arab World

-In 2005, received the Franklin Delano Roosevelt International disability Award

-Passed one of the 1st disability rights law in the Arab world in 1993 (U.S. Disabilities Act)

Jordans Success

1. Hashemite Royal Family

2. Education

3. Openness to foreginers

Percentage of disabled

15%

South Korea (4 Tigers)

-Electronics, vehicle production, telecommunications, shipbuilding, steel, and chemicals.

Taiwan (4 Tigers)

-Semiconductors (electronics and computer industries and in other light manufacturing)

-Intel, samsung electronics, TSMC, SK Hynix inc., broadum corp, qualcomm, micron

South Korea and Taiwan Falls

Were hot spots of international conflict that came under the U.S. security umbrella during the Cold War.

-Militarized but didn’t impede development

-Authoritarian states later became democratic

-U.S. benefit from them during the Cold War

Hong Kong (4 Tigers)

-Controlled by China since 1997

-world competitive electronics, financial services, tourism, and other light industries

-greatest strengths are banking and trade

Singapore (4 Tigers)

-Trading city, manufacturing including chemicals, logistics, electronics, biomedical sciences, and transport engineering.

Hong Kong and Singapore Falls

-Have different political profiles, former British colonies, city-states, trading ports and financial centers, not democracies,

Collective Security

-Broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for oppressing aggression by any actors

Ex) United Nations and League of Nations

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to see one’s own group (in-group) in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms.

The 1972 UN Conference on the Environment

In Stockholm, Sweden, was the first major international summit to make the environment a top global issue. Hosted by Sweden and led by Maurice Strong, it united 113 nations to address pollution, conservation, and sustainable development.

Gold Standard

A system in international monetary relations, century before the 70s, national currencies was pegged to the value of gold or other precious metals.

Convertible Currency

Holder of a particular currency can exchange it for another currency. Some states currencies are nonconvertible.

Fixed Exchange Rates

The official rates of exchange for currencies set by government; not a dominant mechanism in the international monetary system since 1973.

Floating Exchange Rates

The rates determined by global currency markets in which both private investors and governments alike buy and sell currencies.

Central Bank

An institution common in industrialized countries whose major tasks are to maintain the value of the state’s currency and to control inflation.

The Federal Reserve

The central bank of the United States, created in 1913 to provide a safe, flexible, and stable monetary system.

World Bank

-Formally the international Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

-1944

-Source of loans to help reconstruct the European economies

-Later: Main borrowers were developing countries and European ones in 90s

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

-An IGO

-Coordinates international currency exchange, the balance of payments, and national accounts.

-Along with the World Bank = Pillar of international financial system

Multinational corporation (MNC)

A business entity that owns or controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.

Bretton Woods system

1944–1971 a landmark monetary order that stabilized the post-WWII global economy by pegging major currencies to the U.S. dollar

Marten’s Clause

Protects the creation and use of drones, AI, robots, etc.

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems or Killer Robots

Development of weapons that are capable of independently selecting and attacking target without human intervention.

Fyodor Martens

The laws of humanity and the dictates of public conscience.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

re chronic, non-infectious conditions

Infectious Diseases

Illnesses caused harmful organisms-virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites

Ex) COVID, influenza, HIV, tuberculosis

Ebola

A rare, severe, and often fatal zoonotic infection in humans and primates

Malaria

A severe, often fatal, parasite-borne disease transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

Coronavirus

Origin: bats or lab-related incident

CNN Effect

They cover the problem and determine the actions policymakers take and the outcomes of events.

Mission Creep

Brief history of Somalia. Expansion from food relief to Democratic Institution building.

Operation Restore Hope

December, 1992

-The U.S. sent 30,000 soldiers to Somalia

-Order: “Get food through.” sent marines

-By March, it was affected

-Successful

Get food through

Order sent marines 30,000 marines to Somalia by President George H.W. Bush

Force Protection

Protecting military personnel, family members, civilians, facilities, equipment and operations

Operation Gothic Serpent

-Take the warlord Aidid

-Strangle and grab the whole operation

-August 1993

-Basically Black Hawk Down

Economic Liberalism

Approach that shares an assumption of anarchy, but free market, free trade, free capital flows, and an “open” world economy.

Somalia Syndrome

The U.S. foreign policy hesitancy to engage in humanitarian military interventions following the occurrence that happened the 1993 battle in Mogadishu, Somalia, where 18 American soldiers died.

Operation Uphold Democracy

Multinational military intervention in Haiti was designed to remove the military regime. (1994)

Merchantilism

An economic theory and a political ideology opposed to free trade. Shares a realism belief that each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international orgs. (Control of trade)

Free Trade

The flow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or other restrictions.

Why American drink coffee?

Due to a historical pivot away from British tea, establishing it as a symbol of independence, patriotism, and capitalist identity. (we were mad about British taking our tea)

Comparative Advantage (1817) David Ricardo

Focus ob what you do best, produce a particular good at lower relative opportunity cost. Instead of trying to compete on many things, to try to find a specific thing you can do the best.

Adma Smith: Invisible Hand

-demand curve

-supply curve

-equilibrium price

1. profit-seeking producers will make more

2. needs of society automatically met

3. govt. does not get involved

4. competition keeps quality high

5. competition keeps prices low

= competition and self-interest act

Adam Smith: division of labour

The Wealth of Nations (1776), argues that breaking production into small, specialized tasks massively increases productivity and wealth.

Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations

-1776

Foundational text of modern economics that argues wealth comes from productivity, not gold, and is driven by free markets, division of labor, and self-interest, guided by an "invisible hand.

Protectionism

The protection of domestic industries against international competition, by trade tariffs and other means.

Resistance to Global Trade

-human rights

-environmental issues

-worker safety

Tariff

A duty or tax levied on certain types of imports (usually a percentage of their values) as they enter a country.

League of Nations

-An org established after WWI

-Achieve certain humanitarian and other successes

-Weakened by the absence of U.S. memberships and by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security.

Non-tariffs Barriers

Forms of restricting imports other than tariffs, such as

-Quotas (ceilings on how many goods of a certain kind can be imported)

-Subsidies (tax breaks, guaranteed prices, etc)

-Economic nationalism (ex. all rice in Japan is grown in Japan)

Dumping

Business strat to put competitors out of business.

Cartel

An association of producers or consumers (or both) of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market.

OPEC

Oil producing exporting countries - an oligarchy

Monopoly

1 company dominating field

Convoy

Physical protection of trade goods during transit.

The Human Development Index

A summary measure used by the UN to rank countries based on overall progress, going beyond just economic growth.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

UN goals set targets for 17 basic needs by 2030. Well-being of people and the planet.

Ex. Healthcare, water, sanitation, and shelter

Basic Human Needs

To put economic growth on a firm foundation, societies must meet the basic human needs of most of the population.

The most important factors keeping these people in extreme proverty

-civil war

-corruption

-the “resource curse” - one country is dominated by one resource product

-landlocked locations without ready access to trade

Remittances

Money sent home to relatives in the country of migrant origin

-between families usually

Global South

The world’s poor regions and is called by various names

Pro-Globalization

Openness to

-Foreign trade

-Investment

-Technology

Facilitates migration, establishes small businesses, increased access to jobs.

Contributes to decline in inequality

Motivated workforce

Anti-Globalization

Widening the gap between the haves and the have-nots

Zero-sum game (one in which no wealth is created or destroyed)

“economic temptress”

Population Movement Categories

-Migrant

-Refugee

-Asylum

-Displace Person

-Immigrant

Refugee

Forced to flee because of persecution, war, or violence.

Asylum

Seeking a request for a sanctuary

Displaced person

Remains within their own country’s borders

Migrant

Moving voluntarily

Immigrant

/ in a new country with the intention of settling there permanently

Genocide

An international and systematic attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part.

Rwanda

Brutal, orchestrated campaign in 1994 where Hutu extremists killed an estimated 800,000–1,000,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus over 100 days.

Ethnic Cleansing

Euphemism for forced displacement of an ethnic groups from territory accompanied by massacres and other human rights violations, it has occurred after breakup multinational states (former Yugoslavia)

Examples of conflict

-separate nations tearing states apart (ex. Yemen religious group: shilite, sunnijetes)

-separate national conflicts spilling over into other states (ex. syria)

-states limiting national rights (ex. Myanmer deprives Rohingya of their idenity far back as seventh century)

-states may kill minority (ex. china)

-Northern Ireland divide between catholics and protestants

-Bloody Sunday in the UK

International Campaign to Ban Landmines

Oct 1992

Mix of

-Handicap International

-Human Rights Watch

-Mines Advisory Group

-Physicians for Human Rights

within 4 years, won the Nobel Peace Prize and got many countries to agree to ban them

Legal Definition of a Landmine

Concealed explosive devices, often left behind by irregular armies, that kill or maim civilians after the war ends.

3 unlawful weapons and means of attack legal rules

-Unnecessary suffering

-Disproportionate

-Indiscriminate

The 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons Protocol I

Prohibits the use of any weapons of which the primary effect is to injure with fragments not detectable in the human body by X-rays.

The 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons Protocol II

Prohibits the use of landmines and booby traps.

The 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons Protocol III

Prohibits the use of incendiary weapons (sets fire or cause burns)

Landmine Survivor Network (LSN)

-Switzerland landmine survivor created this new international org

-To include the core and rehabilitation provided for the immediate and long-term needs of mine victims, family members, dependents, and affected communities.

Collective Good

goods that the world shares

ocean, space, atmosphere, antartica

Peace of Westphalia

-30 year treaty

-A series of peace treies that ended the Thirty Year War in Europe

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

32nd President

-Physically disables in 1921

-Hid it

What is an non-governmental organization?

an organization that is not made up of government and states

typically a non-profit that is focused on social or humane causes

can be local, national, or international

What is the prisoners dilemma?

the idea that either you cooperate or deflect. if you both deflect then you both lose.

What is the security dilemma?

a decision analysis where 2 individuals act in their own self interest. this does not produce the best outcome

What is the international regime?

a set of rules, norms, and procedures that govern interactions of people in specific “issue” areas

UN Origin

October 24th, 1945

What are the five organs of the UN?

security counsel, national assembly, economic and social counsel, the world court, and the secretariat

What does the security counsel have the responsibility of?

5 states that having binding power for member states

they all have veto power, resolve conflict, and enforce actions

What does the economic and social counsel have the responsibility of?

the central platform that coordinates the economic, social, and environmental work for the UN

What does the national assembly have the responsibility of?

the main representing and policymaking organ with all 193 member states have say but it is non binding

What does the world court have the responsibility of?

the principal judicial organ which settles legal disputes between nations according to international law

What does the secretariat have the responsibility of?

led by the secretary general. they deal with peacekeeping missions, mediating int. disputes, surveying economic/social trends, and organizing conferences

WMDs

Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, all distinguished from conventional weapons by their enormous potential lethality and their relative lack of discrimination in whom they kill.