Freshman Unit 2 Bio Vocab

Unit 2 Vocab

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

a high-energy molecule found in every cell

Chlorophyll

the green pigment found in chloroplasts

Thylakoid

a saclike membrane in the chloroplasts where light reactions occur

Stroma

fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast where dark reactions occur

Stomata (stoma)

tiny openings that allow plants to exchange gasses (CO2 & O2 & water vapor)

Guard Cell

one of the paired cells of a plant that control the opening and closing of a stoma

Homeostasis

the ability to maintain a constant internal environment

Evapotranspiration

the process of water moving from the soil

Vacuole

organelle that stores water

Granum (Grana)

stack of thylakoids

Glucose

a simple sugar molecule used to store energy in cells C6H12O6

Alcoholic Fermentation

a form of anaerobic cellular respiration: yeasts

Lactic Acid Fermentation

a form of anaerobic cellular respiration: muscle cells use this to make ATP

Glycolysis

1st step of cellular respiration - starts to break down sugar

Kreb’s Cycle

2nd step of cellular respiration - produces CO2

Electron Transport Chain

uses high energy electrons to convert ADP to ATP

Reactant

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction

Product

a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction

Mitochondria

Organelle that generates ATP as a result of cellular respiration

Light Dependent Cycle

First stage of photosynthesis where light energy is captured by chlorophyll in chloroplasts and converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

Calvin’s Cycle/Light Independent Cycle

Second stage of photosynthesis where plants use the energy stored from sunlight (captured in ATP and NADPH) to convert carbon dioxide into sugars like glucose

Chloroplast

Organelle in plants that uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose

Radioactive Decay

The process where unstable atomic nuclei release energy to become more stable

Eukaryote

Cells that contain a membrane bound nucleus.

Prokaryote

Cells that lack a nucleus and other organelles

Aerobic

Involving or requiring oxygen

Anaerobic

Requiring an absence of oxygen