Ch. 4 - Prokaryotic Diversity

What is a facultative anaerobe?

• Facultative anaerobe; prefers O2, but can grow without it

What is an obligate anaerobe?

• Must avoid O2; doesn’t have enzymes to break down enzyme

What is an obligate intracellular parasite?

• Pathogen that can only survive or reproduce inside the host cell

What is a primary pathogen? An example?

• Infects everybody, even healthy people

e.g. measles, chicken pox, strep throat, COVID 19

What is an opportunistic pathogen? An example?

• Infects those with compromised immune systems

e.g. pneumonia of HIV patient, pseudomonas, elder and younger people

How do pseudomonas affect people that are hospitalized?

• In burn victims or in the lungs of people causing cystic fibrosis

How many layers does gram positive bacteria have? Negative?

• Positive; 2 layers

• Negative; 3 layers

What two substances does gram negative bacteria contain?

• Lipopolysaccharides and porins

How are prokaryotes ubiquitos?

• They are everywhere

What occurs in photosynthesis?

• H2O + CO2 + light —> sugar + O2

Who were the first photosynthesizers?

• Bacteria; before plants existed

What does “fixing carbon” mean?

• Converts CO2 into organic form

What does “fixing nitrogen” mean?

• Converts N2 into organic form

What is an example of a bacteria that fixes nitrogen? How?

• Cyanobacteria; converts N2 gas into ammonia

Rhizobia in legumes

What is decomposition? Common among what?

• Break down organic molecules and release byproducts, saprobes

common with soil microbes

What is bioremediation? What is an example?

• Using microbes to break down toxins or treat waste

e.g. cleaning oil spills or treating waste

What is biotechnology or products?

• Using microbes to make a product

How much of prokaryotes do impacting health pathogens make up?

• Make up less than 1%

What does impacting health pathogens metabolize? Leading to what?

• Metabolizes carbon from perma frost; leads to CO2 and methane in atmosphere

What is symbiosis?

• Close interaction, association

What relationships are included in the human microbiome project?

1. Mutualism

2. Ammensalism

3. Commensalism

4. Neutralism

5. Parasitism

What is mutualism? Example?

• Pop. A and Pop. B benefit

e.g. Gut bacteria; E coli live in gut, produces vitamins for us

What is ammensalism?

• Pop. A harmed and Pop. B unaffected

What is an example of ammensalism?

• S. epidermis; produces bacteriocins to inhibit other microbes, harming others

What is commensalism?

• Pop. A benefitted, Pop. B unaffected

What is an example of commensalism?

• S. epidermis on human skin; get food and shelter, doesn’t hurt us

What is neutralism? Example?

• Pop A and B unaffected

e.g. Soil bacteria; vegetative cells and spores grow next to each other

What is parasitism? Example?

• Pop. A benefitted and Pop. B harmed

e.g. pathogens; the parasite (pathogen) benefits, but host is harmed

What 5 categories does the Phylum: Proteobacteria include?

1. Alpha

2. Gamma

3. Beta

4. Deta

5. Epilson

In what environments do alphaproteobacteria live? What is this called? Example?

• Oligotrophs: live in low nutrient environments

e.g. sediment on ocean floor or glacial ice

What type of parasite is Rickettsia? What is its phylum and category?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria

• Obligate intracellular parasite

What does Rickettsia cause? How is it transmitted?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria

• Causes Rocky Spotted mountain fever; transmitted through ticks

What is the phylum and category of Brucella? What is it known for?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria

• Cause brucellosis in cattle and humans

What is the phylum and category of Chlamydia? What is it the leading cause of?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria (undetermined)

• Leading cause of blindness in the U.S.

What is the phylum and category of Coxiella? What does it cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria

• Causes Zoonotic Q fever in humans

What is the phylum and category of Rhizobium? What is its function?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria

• Fixing nitrogen (plant provides carbohydrates); assists biofertilizers

In what environment do betaproteobacteria live in? What is this called?

• Eutrophic: very high nutrient needs, fastidious

What is the phylum and category of the genus Neisseria? What are its nutrient requirements?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Betaproteobacteria

• Need blood or chocolate agar to grow in lab; need lots ot moisute and nutrients

What are the two species of Neisseria?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Betaproteobacteria

• N. gonorrhea

• N. meningitidis

What does N. meningitidis cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Betaproteobacteria

• One of the causative agents meningitis

What is the phylum and category of Bordetella? What does it cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Betaproteobacteria

• Causes whooping cough in infants and children; highly contagious

What is gammaproteobacteria known for? How is it commonly shaped?

• Most diverse group of proteobacteria; rod and vibrio (one) shaped

What is the phylum and category of pseudomonas? What is the most common species?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• P. aeruginosa

What are the oxygen requirements of P. aeruginosa? What does it cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Pseudomonas

• Obligate aerobes; forms biofilms and causes nosocomial infections in hospital settings

What type of pathogens are pseudomonas?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Opportunistic pathogens

What is the phylum and category of Enterobacter? What does it cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Causes 50% of hospital acquired infections

What is the phylum and category of Escheria? Where is it commonly found?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Gut, GI bacteria such as E. coli

What can some strains of Escheria cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Cause of traveler’s diarrhea and urinary tract infections

What is the phylum and category of Kleisbella? What can it cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, granuloma inguinale

What is the category and phylum of Serratia? What can it cause

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Nosocomial infections in hospital such pneumonia, eye infections, UTIs, wound infections; opportunistic pathogen

What is the category and phylum of shigella? What can it cause

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Shigellosis; blood diarrhea, fever, stomach pain

What is the category and phylum of vibrio cholerae? Where is it found?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Aquatic bacteria, vibrio shaped

What can vibrio cholerae cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• Life threatening watery diarrhea and vomiting from unsafe drinking water

What category and phylum is Haemophile in? What does it cause? Species?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

• H. influenza; causes respiratory infections, not influenza

What are the characteristics of deltaproteobacteria?

• Sulfur reducers and not usually pathogenic

What is the phylum and category of of myxobacterium? What does it cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Deltaproteobacteria

• Causes respiratory infections?

What are the oxygen requirements of epilsonproteobacteria?

• Microaerophiles: require a small amount of oxygen

What is the phylum anad category of Compylobacter? What is the most common species? What does it cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Epilsonproteobacteria

• C. jejuni; can lead to food poisoning, contaminated from GI of chickens

What is the phylum and category of helicobacter? What is the most common species? What does it cause?

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Epilsonproteobacteria

• H. pylori; spiral shaped microbes, causing gastritis and ulcers