Final Exam Review

Glycine

Alanine

Valine

Leucine

methionine

Isoleucine

Serine

Threonine

Cysteine

Proline

Asparagine

Glutamine

Lysine

Arginine

Histidine

Aspartate

Glutamate

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

Tryptophan

Aspartic Acid

3 Letter Abbreviation for Alanine

Ala

3 Letter Abbreviation for Arginine

Arg

3 Letter Abbreviation for Asparagine

Asn, Asx

3 Letter Abbreviation for Aspartate

Asp

3 Letter Abbreviation for Cysteine

Cys

3 Letter Abbreviation for Glutamate

Glu

3 Letter Abbreviation for Glutamine

Gln

3 Letter Abbreviation for Glycine

Gly

3 Letter Abbreviation for Histidine

His

3 Letter Abbreviation for Isoleucine

Ile

3 Letter Abbreviation for Leucine

Lcu

3 Letter Abbreviation for Lysine

Lys

3 Letter Abbreviation for Metnionine

Met

3 Letter Abbreviation for Phenyalanine

Phe

3 Letter Abbreviation for Proline

Pro

3 Letter Abbreviation for Serine

Ser

3 Letter Abbreviation for Threonine

Thr

3 Letter Abbreviation for Tryptophan

Trp

3 Letter Abbreviation for Tyrosine

Tyr

3 Letter Abbreviation for Valine

Val

1 Letter Abbreviation for Alanine

A

1 Letter Abbreviation for Arginine

R

1 Letter Abbreviation for Asparagine

N, B

1 Letter Abbreviation for Aspartate

D

1 Letter Abbreviation for Cysteine

C

1 Letter Abbreviation for Glutamate

E

1 Letter Abbreviation for Glutamine

Q

1 Letter Abbreviation for Glycine

G

1 Letter Abbreviation for Histidine

H

1 Letter Abbreviation for Isoleucine

I

1 Letter Abbreviation for Leucine

L

1 Letter Abbreviation for Lysine

K

1 Letter Abbreviation for Methionine

M

1 Letter Abbreviation for Phenyalanine

F

1 Letter Abbreviation for Proline

P

1 Letter Abbreviation for Serine

S

1 Letter Abbreviation for Threonine

T

1 Letter Abbreviation for Tryptophan

W

1 Letter Abbreviation for Tyrosine

Y

1 Letter Abbreviation for Valine

V

Identify the Aldehyde

Identify the Ketone

Aldehydes and Ketones are polar

true

Water can form hydrogen bonds to Aldehydes and Ketones

true

The main mean of preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones is…

Oxidation

Primary Alcohol Oxidation forms:

Aldehyde

Secondary Alcohol Oxidation forms:

Ketone

Tertiary Oxidation forms:

cannot undergo oxidation-carbonyl carbon does not have a C-H bond

Aldehydes are easily oxidized to:

Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids behave as acids because when they are dissolved in water they are:

deprotonate

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to produce what

esters

The monomer of proteins are:

Amino Acids

How are amino acids linked?

Peptide Bonds

What is a peptide bond?

an amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

What is the length of a protein?

about 50-10,000 amino acids

What is the primary structure of proteins?

the sequence of amino acids

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

local folding: alpha helices and B sheets: hydrogen bonding

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

overall 3D shape of a single chain

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

the assemble of 2 or more polypeptide chains

What is an example of a protein with Quaternary Structure?

Hemoglobin: 4 Subunits

What are the functions of Proteins?

Structural, Enzymatic, Signaling, Transport, Movement

What are some structural proteins?

collagen and keratin

What are enzymatic proteins?

biological catalysts

What are signaling proteins?

hormones

What are transport proteins?

Hemoglobin

What are movement proteins?

Actin and Myosin

What is DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What are DNA monomers?

nucleotides

What are DNA nucleotides made up of?

deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogen base

What are DNA bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

What is the structure of DNA?

Double-stranded helix-held together by hydrogen bonds

What is the length of DNA?

varies, human genome has around 3 billion base pairs

What is the function of DNA?

long-term storage of genetic information

What is RNA?

Ribonucleic acid

What is the monomer of RNA?

nucleotides

What do RNA nucleotides consist of?

ribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

What are the bases for RNA?

Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

What is the structure of RNA?

mostly single-stranded

What is the length of RNA?

much shorter than DNA: 70-thousands of nucleotides