FINAL EXAM MODULE 1-10

What should the nurse think in pre-op care?

Is this patient safe for surgery

What should be checked before surgery?

Vitals, labs, allergies, medications, and NPO status

What labs are commonly checked pre-op?

Hemoglobin and potassium

What medication type is a pre-op red flag?

Blood thinners

What should the nurse do if something is wrong before surgery?

Stop surgery

What 3 things must be present for informed consent?

Procedure explained, risks explained, and patient understands

What is the nurse’s role with informed consent?

Witness the signature only

Should the nurse explain the surgery for consent?

No

What should the nurse do if the patient is confused?

Do not sign

What are the types of anesthesia?

General, regional, and local

What happens with general anesthesia?

The patient is fully asleep

What is the main risk of general anesthesia?

Respiratory depression

What happens with regional anesthesia?

A specific area is numb

What is the main risk of regional anesthesia?

Low blood pressure

What happens with local anesthesia?

Only a small area is numb

What is the first priority in the PACU?

Airway first always

What comes after airway in the PACU?

Breathing and circulation

What are post-op complications?

Airway obstruction, bleeding, infection, and pain

What are the main pain types?

Acute, chronic, nociceptive, and neuropathic

What is acute pain?

Short-term pain

What is an example of acute pain?

Surgery

What is chronic pain?

Long-term pain

What is an example of chronic pain?

Arthritis

What is nociceptive pain?

Pain from physical damage

How does nociceptive pain feel?

Sharp and aching

What is neuropathic pain?

Pain from nerve damage

How does neuropathic pain feel?

Burning and tingling

What are signs of inflammation?

Redness, warmth, and swelling

What are signs of infection?

Fever, pus, and increased white blood cells

What medications treat pain?

NSAIDs and opioids

What is an example of an NSAID?

Ibuprofen

What is an example of an opioid?

Morphine

What is a major opioid risk?

Respiratory depression

What non-drug methods treat pain?

Ice, repositioning, and relaxation

How is HIV transmitted?

Blood, sex, and needles

How is HIV not spread?

Touching, hugging, or air

How is HIV treated?

ART or antiretroviral therapy

What is the goal of HIV treatment?

Undetectable equals untransmittable

What are key module 2 diseases?

Appendicitis, gout, and osteoarthritis

What is a classic sign of appendicitis?

Right lower quadrant pain

What should not be given with appendicitis?

Laxatives

What is a classic sign of gout?

Big toe pain

What should a patient with gout avoid?

Red meat and alcohol

What causes osteoarthritis?

Wear and tear on joints

What should the nurse always think in respiratory problems?

Oxygen is life

What diseases are covered in module 3?

Pneumonia, asthma, and COPD

What is pneumonia?

Infection in the lungs

What are signs of pneumonia?

Crackles and fever

What happens in asthma?

The airway gets tight

What is a sign of asthma?

Wheezing

What happens in COPD?

Chronic lung damage

What is a major concern in COPD?

CO2 retention

What is the respiratory priority?

If oxygen is low, fix that first

What treatments are used in respiratory disease?

Oxygen, bronchodilators, and steroids

What is an example of a bronchodilator?

Albuterol

What happens in hypertension?

It silently damages blood vessels

How is hypertension treated?

Diet and medications

What diet change helps hypertension?

Low sodium diet

What is the difference between left and right heart failure?

Left side affects the lungs and right side affects the body

What are signs of left-sided heart failure?

Shortness of breath and crackles

What are signs of right-sided heart failure?

Swelling and edema

What is HFrEF?

Heart failure with weak squeeze

What is HFpEF?

Heart failure with a stiff heart

What are priority interventions for heart failure?

Oxygen and diuretics

What do diuretics do in heart failure?

Remove fluid

What is PAD?

An artery problem

What are signs of PAD?

Cold legs and pain with walking

What is CVI?

A vein problem

What are signs of CVI?

Swelling and brown skin

What is CAD?

Blocked arteries

What is a main symptom of CAD?

Chest pain

What are signs of myocardial infarction?

Chest pressure, left arm pain, and sweating

What should be checked after cardiac cath?

Bleeding and pulses

What is the priority after cardiac cath?

Check for bleeding

What EKG patterns should be known?

Bradycardia, tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation

What is bradycardia?

A slow rhythm

What is tachycardia?

A fast rhythm

What is atrial fibrillation?

An irregular rhythm

What is a major risk of atrial fibrillation?

Stroke

What do the kidneys do?

Filter waste and balance fluids

What is AKI?

Acute kidney injury

What are the types of AKI?

Pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal

What is pre-renal AKI?

Low blood flow to the kidneys

What is intra-renal AKI?

Damage inside the kidneys