RAD 200 immunologic disease & nervous system disease

Progressive impairment of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This gradual destruction of the immune system affects many organ systems and is potentially life threatening for the per son infected

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

What cells does HIV attack?

T lymphocytes

Is an acquired B-cell deficiency that results in decreased antibody production and/or function. (DNA) analysis can determine if a person inherited the gene responsible for causing this deficiency. Chronic or recurrent infections, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and otitis media and GI disease is often seen

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (Acquired Hypogammaglobulinemia) CVID

Fail to produce the normal levels of IgA. Symptoms of recurrent sinopulmonary infections, GI infections, and/or autoimmune disease. Food allergies are also common. Anaphylactic reactions to blood transfusions may occur.

Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency

Where is IgA present in?

respiratory, digestive, and other mucous membranes, tears, breast milk, and saliva.

condition characterized by near absence of serum immunoglobulins and increased susceptibility to infection. Almost always affects males.

X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

what is the cause of X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia?

Defect in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene, which is normally expressed in B cells during all stages of development. All five immunoglobulin classes are usually absent

Is caused by a group of genetic mutations that prevent the body from producing normal T cells, which in turn disables B cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (Bubble Boy disease)

a primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by a failure of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches to develop properly during embryonic life

DiGeorge Anomaly (Thymic Hypoplasia or Aplasia)

Symptoms of DiGeorge Anomaly (Thymic Hypoplasia or Aplasia)

wide-set, downward-slanting eyes; low-set ears with notched pinnae; a small mouth, abnormalities of the palate; and cardiovascular defects. The thymus and parathyroid glands are absent or underdeveloped

What causes DiGeorge anomaly

microdeletion on a part of chromosome 22

Refers to a group of disorders characterized by persistent and recurrent candidal (fungal) infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes.

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

rare X-linked genetic disorder primarily affecting boys. characterized by a "classic triad" of symptoms: severe eczema, recurrent and frequent infections, and microthrombocytopenia (abnormally low numbers and small-sized platelets, which causes easy bruising and bleeding)

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys blood platelets. The cause of this disease is unknown but can lead to an abnormally low platelet count, resulting in easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds, petechiae, and an increased risk of severe bleeding

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that attack and destroy neutrophils. A type of white blood cell essential for fighting off bacterial and fungal infections

Immune Neutropenia

What’s the treatment for Immune Neutropenia?

No specific treatment as the condition generally resolves on its own

also known as antiglomerular basement membrane [GBM] antibody disease, is an autoimmune kidney disease characterized by the presence of antibodies directed against an antigen in the GBM. The cause of it is unknow but said to be caused by genetics, chemical & medicine

Goodpasture Syndrome

Chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, causing inflammation and damage to various organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, and blood vessels.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus)

a rare, chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the overproduction of collagen. Buildup leads to inflammation and progressive fibrosis (scarring/thickening) of the skin, blood vessels, and internal organs.

Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

what are the 2 types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

diffuse form→ symmetric thickening of the skin of the extremities, face, and trunk

limited form→ confined to the skin of the fingers and face

Chronic autoimmune disease Your immune system mistakenly attacks your own moisture-producing glands—primarily those responsible for tears and saliva. While its cause is unknown, it is thought to be triggered by a combination of genetics and environmental factors

Sjögren Syndrome

inflammatory, systemic disease that affects the joints. It is one of the most severe forms of arthritis, commonly causing deformity and disability. Females are affected three times more often than males

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The most common form of arthritis in children under 16, causing persistent joint swelling, pain, and stiffness for six weeks or longer. an autoimmune disorder—the exact cause is unknown—where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissues

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

chronic inflammatory form of arthritis that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints. Causes chronic pain, stiffness, and can eventually lead to vertebrae fusing together. There is no cure, but treatments help manage symptoms. The cause is also unknown.

Ankylosing Spondylitis (Bamboo Spine)

is a disease of the muscles that features inflammation of the muscle fibers. The muscles affected are mostly those closest to the trunk or torso. This results in weak ness that can be severe. It is a chronic illness with periods of increased symptoms & decreased systoms

Polymyositis

Chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerves (myelin) in the brain and spinal cord. disrupts nerve signals, causing symptoms like vision problems, muscle weakness, and numbness. No cure for it and cause is unknown.

Multiple Sclerosis

Chronic, progressive neuromuscular disease that is caused by autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor at nerve synapses. There is an interruption in communication between the nerves and muscle tissue.

Myasthenia Gravis

inflammation of the body's tiniest blood vessels (capillaries, arterioles, and venules) restricts blood flow, causing tissue damage. It frequently presents on the skin as palpable purpura.

Small-Vessel Vasculitis

a group of rare, serious autoimmune diseases that cause inflammation that primarily affect medium and large arteries

Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitis

Is a neurologic emergency, which occurs when the brain is damaged by a sudden disruption in the flow of blood to a part of the brain (embolic) or by bleeding inside the head (hemorrhagic)

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

what medication is given to a PT w/ ischemic stroke

blood thinners such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

stroke happens when a blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain tissue

hemorrhagic stroke

stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow in an artery supplying the brain

Ischemic stroke

FAST is a meth to recognize a stroke what does it stand for?

F = Face Drooping

A = Arm Weakness

S = Speech Difficulty

T = Time to call 911

Temporary episodes with a duration of a few minutes of impaired neurologic functioning caused by inadequate flow of blood to a portion of the brain. Occur in various sites, and therefore various diagnostic codes are used.

Transient Ischemic Attack

What mainly causes Transient Ischemic Attack

plaque, formed by atherosclerosis (Embolism)

Difference between CVA & TIA

TIA normally doesn’t cause permanent brain damage

Collection or mass of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater, the outer most of the three meningeal layers covering the brain. .

epidural hematoma

The blood collects or pools between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane, the second meningeal membrane.

subdural hematoma

Treatment for a hematoma

Craniotomy

Bruising of the cerebral tissue caused by back-and-forth movements of the head, as in an acceleration-deceleration insult. Blunt force trauma and falls also may result in cerebral concussion

Cerebral concussion

More serious than concussion. This injury to the brain involves bruising of tissue along or just beneath the surface of the brain.

Cerebral Contusion

Serious type of traumatic brain injury where a broken piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain

Depressed Skull Fracture

Etiology Generally spinal cord injuries that cause paraplegia and quadriplegia/tetraplegia are the result of what?

vertebral fractures or vertebral dislocation

natural, age-related condition where the spinal discs that cushion your vertebrae wear down, dry out, and lose flexibility.

Degenerative Disk Disease

Is the rupture of the nucleus pulposus through the annular wall of the disk and into the spinal canal

Herniated and Bulging Disk (slipped disk)

Is a leading cause of sciatica (sciatic nerve pain). It occurs when the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the nerve roots that branch off to form the sciatic nerve

Sciatic Nerve Injury—Spinal Stenosis

Is a pain in the head that is not confined to any one specific nerve distribution area

Headache (cephalalgia)

Periodic severe headaches that may be completely incapacitating and almost always are accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, anorexia, intense hemicranial or bilateral throbbing pain, and visual signs and symptoms (or auras)

Migraine

Is a chronic brain disorder characterized by sudden episodes of abnormal, intense electrical activity in the brain

Epilepsy

What are the classification of epilepsy

generalized onset (both sides)

focal onset (one area)

unknown onset (unseen or unclassified)

Common, slowly progressive neuro logic disorder characterized by the onset of recognizable disturbances: “pill-rolling” tremor of the thumb and forefinger, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability.

Parkinson Disease

What do PT w/ Parkinson usually have a deficiency of ?

dopamine

Hereditary degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, resulting in progressive atrophy of the brain. Typically, the arms and the face are the first areas to be involved.

Huntington Chorea

Is a progressive, destructive motor neuron disease that results in muscular atrophy. Small local involuntary muscular contractions and accompanying atrophy and weakness are noted

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Lou Gehrig disease)

Is a neurologic condition characterized by an overwhelming urge to move the legs. This irresistible urge to move the legs or body part is to stop an uncomfortable or odd sensation

Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

a sudden, temporary episode of memory loss in an otherwise alert individual. During an episode, a person is completely unable to form new memories and may repeatedly ask the same questions

Transient Global Amnesia

damage to the peripheral nerves—the network outside the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms typically include numbness, tingling ("pins and needles"), burning pain, and muscle weakness, often starting in the hands and feet. Common causes include diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, toxins, and injuries

Symptoms depend heavily on which specific nerves are damaged—sensory, motor, or autonomic

Peripheral Neuritis/Neuropathy

a chronic, severe neurological condition that causes sudden, electric shock-like or stabbing pain on one side of the face

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

neurological condition that causes sudden, temporary weakness or paralysis in the muscles on one side of the face. It is believed to be caused by inflammation of the facial nerve (the 7th cranial nerve), often triggered by a viral infection

Bell Palsy

an inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. It is primarily caused by viral or bacterial infections

Meningitis

a rare autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves. It frequently causes sudden muscle weakness, tingling, and sometimes paralysis, usually beginning in the feet and legs before spreading to the upper body

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by a localized collection of pus, immune cells, and cellular debris within the brain tissue. It is typically caused by bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections that spread from nearby structures (like sinuses, teeth, or ears) or through the bloodstream

Brain Abscess

an abnormal growth of cells inside the skull. Tumors can originate in brain tissue (primary) or spread from cancer elsewhere in the body (metastatic/secondary). Because the skull is rigid, any growth increases pressure

Intracranial Tumors (Brain Tumors)

Originate directly in the brain or surrounding tissues (e.g., meninges, nerves). Common types include gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas

Primary Brain Tumors

Form elsewhere in the body (like the lungs or breasts) and spread to the brain. These are more common than primary brain tumors

Metastatic Tumors