PT 405 CH2 P3 Biochemistry

What are hydrophilic organic molecules that have OH groups and has a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1?

general formula is (CH2O)n

carbohydrates

Explain the relationship between a monosaccharide, dissacharide, and polysaccharide

mono - simple sugars and have a general formula of C6H12O6

di - contains two monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic bond

poly - chains of monosaccharide units

What type of carbohydrates are bound to a lipid or protein?

conjugated

What is a hydrophobic organic molecule that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

lipid

What are the five primary types of lipids in humans?

- fatty acids

- triglycerides

- phospholipids

- eicosanoids

- steroids

What type of lipid is a chain of 4-24 carbon atoms that contain a carboxyl (acid) group at one end and a methyl group at the other, and hydrogen bonds along the sides?

fatty acid

Describe the two classifications of fatty acids

- Saturated: carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen

- Unsaturated: contains a C=C bond without hydrogen

What lipid has three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule?

triglyceride (neutral fats)

When triglycerides are at room temperature,

- a liquid is called ____

- a solid is called ___

- oil

- fat

What are the three functions of triglycerides?

- energy storage

- insulation

- shock absorption

What lipid is a triglyceride with one fatty acid that is replaced by a phosphate group and has amphiphilic character?

phospholipid

What lipid is a hormone-like chemical that signals between cells and includes prostaglandins; derived from arachidonic acid?

eicosanoids

What type of lipid has a carbon atom in four rings and are derived from cholesterol?

steroids

What is important component of cell membranes and is produced only in animal liver cells?

cholesterol

What is a polymer of amino acids in which the combination determines structure and function?

protein

What are the three attachments on an amino acid?

- amino (NH3) group

- carboxy (COOH) group

- R group

How many amino acids are there?

20

What determines the property of an amino acid?

R group

What is a polymer of two or more amino acids and is named fro the number of amino acids?

peptide

What determines the function of a protein?

structure

Explain the differences between the level of protein structures

primary - chain of amino acids

secondary - coiled or folded and have hydrogen bonds between negative C=O groups and positive N=H groups

tertiary - further folding and bending into globular and fibrous shapes

quaternary - the associations of two or more separate polypeptide chains

What type of protein contains a non-amino acid moeity?

conjugated

Explain the difference between conformation and denaturation

conformation - the unique 3D shape that is crucial to protein function and can reversibly change

denaturation - the conformational change that destroys function due to extreme heat or pH

What are the 7 protein functions?

1 structure - collagen and keratin

2 communication - hormones and receptors

3 membrane transport - channels and carriers

4 catalysis - enzymes

5 recognition and protection - antigens, antibodies, and clotting proteins

6 movement - molecular motor

7 cell adhesion - bind cells together

Describe the 4 steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

1 substrate approaches enzyme molecule and binds to active site, forming the enzyme-substrate complex

2 enzyme breaks bonds in substrate

3 reaction products released

4 enzyme repeats process over and over

(T/F): Enzymes work slowly

F; they have an astonishing speed

What are two things that affect the efficiency of an enzyme and how?

- temperature

- pH

they change the shape of the enzyme and alter its ability

Explain the difference between a cofactor and coenzyme

cofactor - nonprotein partner that bind to enzymes to change its shape

coenzyme - organic cofactor derived from vitamins that transfer electrons to/from enzymes

What are the three components of nucleotides?

- nitrogenous base

- sugar (monosaccharide)

- 1≤ phosphate group

These are four physiologically important nucleotides

- ___ = energy carrying molecule

- ___ = activates metabolic pathways -second messenger

- ___ = carries genetic code

- ___ = assists with protein synthesis

- ATP

- cAMP

- DNA

- RNa

What enzyme hydrolyzes the third high energy phosphate bond of ATP?

ATPase

What are the three types of RNA?

- transfer RNA

- messenger RNA

- ribosomal RNA