Comprehensive Acid-Base Chemistry: Definitions, pH, Indicators, and Titration

What is a Brønsted-Lowry acid?

A compound that donates a proton to another compound.

What is a Brønsted-Lowry base?

A compound that accepts a proton from another compound.

What types of compounds can act as acids?

Molecules (both organic and inorganic), cations that contain H, and anions that contain H.

What types of compounds can act as bases?

Ionic compounds that contain OH-, primarily amines, and some anions and cations.

What is a conjugate base?

The species formed when a proton is removed from an acid.

What is a conjugate acid?

The species formed when a proton is added to a base.

What is an amphiprotic species?

A species that can either accept or donate a proton, such as water.

How does water act as a base?

In the presence of an acid, water accepts a proton.

How does water act as an acid?

In the presence of a base, water donates a proton.

What is the autoionization of water?

The process where water acts both as an acid and a base, resulting in H3O+ and OH-.

What is the ion product constant for water (Kw) at 25 °C?

Kw = 1.0 × 10-14.

What does a neutral solution's pH indicate?

When [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 × 10-7, the solution is neutral with a pH of 7.

What indicates an acidic solution?

If [H3O+] > 1.0 × 10-7, then [OH-] < 1.0 × 10-7.

What indicates a basic solution?

If [OH-] > 1.0 × 10-7, then [H3O+] < 1.0 × 10-7.

What is the relationship between pH and pOH?

pH + pOH = 14.00.

What is the pH of a strong acid solution like HCl?

Strong acids react completely with water, resulting in low pH values (pH < 7).

What is the pH of a strong base solution like NaOH?

Strong bases dissociate completely into OH-, resulting in high pH values (pH > 7).

What are common properties of acids?

Sour taste, conductor of electricity, corrosive, turns blue litmus paper red, and pH < 7.

What are common properties of bases?

Bitter taste, slippery feel, conductor of electricity, corrosive, turns red litmus paper blue, and pH > 7.

What is the pH of pure water?

pH = 7, indicating a neutral solution.

How do you calculate pH from hydronium concentration?

pH = -log[H3O+].

What is the hydronium ion concentration in pure water?

[H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M.

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid and its application?

HCl; used as stomach acid.

What is the formula for sodium hydroxide and its application?

NaOH; used in soap and drain cleaners.

What is the formula for sulfuric acid and its application?

H2SO4; used in fertilizers and batteries.

What is the formula for acetic acid and its application?

HC2H3O2; commonly known as vinegar.

What is the formula for ammonia and its application?

NH3; used as a cleaner.

What is the significance of the pH scale?

It measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic).

What is a strong acid?

An acid that ionizes completely in solution.

Give an example of a strong acid.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

What is a weak acid?

An acid that only partially ionizes in solution.

Give an example of a weak acid.

Acetic acid (HC2H3O2).

How do strong acids affect electrical conductivity?

Strong acids are good conductors of electricity because they fully ionize, producing a large number of H+ ions.

What is a strong base?

A base that dissociates completely into metal ions and hydroxide ions.

Give an example of a strong base.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

What is a weak base?

A base that only partially ionizes in solution.

Give an example of a weak base.

Ammonia (NH3).

What is the pH scale range?

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.

What does a pH value of 7 indicate?

A neutral solution.

What color does litmus paper turn in acidic conditions?

Red (pH < 7).

What color does phenolphthalein turn in basic conditions?

Pink (pH > 7).

What is the purpose of acid-base indicators?

To change color in response to changes in pH, indicating whether a solution is acidic or basic.

What is a neutralization reaction?

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water.

What is the equation for a neutralization reaction?

ACID + BASE → SALT + WATER.

What is titration?

A laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.

What is a buffer?

A solution that resists changes in pH when limited amounts of acid or base are added.

What is the bicarbonate buffer system?

A buffer system in the body that maintains blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

What is the relationship between pH and hydronium ion concentration?

pH = -log[H3O+].

How is the pH of stomach acid calculated?

Using the formula pH = -log[H3O+].

What is the significance of the equivalence point in titration?

It is the point where the amount of H+ from the acid equals the amount of OH- from the base.

What color does bromothymol blue turn in acidic conditions?

Yellow (pH < 6).

What color does methyl orange turn in basic conditions?

Yellow (pH > 4.4).

What is the chemical makeup of universal indicator?

A mixture of several organic compounds, including phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and bromothymol blue.

What is buffer capacity?

The amount of acid or base that a buffer solution can absorb without significant changes in pH.

What happens to the pH of blood if it falls outside the normal range?

Physiology is affected, potentially leading to health issues.