Unit 2 - Respiration

Respiration

—>The exchange of gas between an organism & it’s environment

—>Inspiration/Inhalation

—>Expiration/Exhalation

Boyle’s Law

If volume of an object is increased, pressure will decrease

Pressure

The force exerted on walls of objects

Gas

Moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Respiratory Container

Thing that holds gases for respiration

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nasal Cavity —> Oral Cavity —> Pharynx —> Larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea —> Bronchial Tubes —> Lungs —> Bronchioles Alveoli

What is the tracheal ring made up of?

—>Cartilage

—>Muscle

Tracheal Ring Cartilage

—>Anterior & lateral side

—>Holds open

—>Keeps from collapsing

Tracheal Ring Muscle

—>Posterior side

—>Expands airaway

Cillia functions

1. Propels pollutants

2. Warms air

3. Adds moisture

Right Lung

—>3 lobes

—>Path of least resistance

Left Lung

—>2 lobes

—>Leaves room for heart

Alveoli

—> 500 million in lungs

—>Surrounded by capillary bed

Gas Exchage

—>Exchange of O2 and CO2 across alveolar wall

—>Each alveoli contributes to gas exchange

Ventilation

—>1st stage of Gas Exchange

—>Movement of air into conducting respiratory pathways

—>Distribution

—>2nd stage of Gas Exchange

—>Delivery of air to 500 million oxygen-poor alveoli

Perfusion

—>3rd stage of Gas Exchange

—>Air migrates through capillary barrier

Diffusion

—>4th stage of Gas Exchange

—>Actual gas exchange across alveolar capillary membrane

Pectoral Girdle

—>Apart of Axial Skeleton

—>Point of attachment for upper appendages

Pelvic Girdle

—>Apart of Axial Skeleton

—>Point of attachment for lower muscles

Vertebral Column (Spinal Column)

Posterior attachment of ribs

Cervicale Vertebrae

—>C1 - C7

—>Movement of head

—>Allow for vertebral artery to move through to brain

Thoracic Vertebrae

—>T1 - T12

—>Posterior attachment for ribs

Lumbar Vertebrae

—>L1 - L5

—>Larger

—>For lifting and walking

Sacral Vertebrae

—>5 fused bones

—>Assist with balance

Coccygeal Vertebrae

—>“Tail Bone”

—>3 - 5 fused bones

—>Assit with balance

Vertebral Foramen

Hole that spinal cord passes through

Transverse Foramen

Allows for passage of the vertebral artery

C1

—>Atlas

—>Support head

—>Facilitation of head movement up & down

C2

—>Axis

—>Facilitation of head rotation

—>Stability

—>Support for Atlas

3 Thoracic Vertebrae Attachment Points

—>Superior Costal Facet

—>Inferior Costal Facet

—>Transverse Costal Facet

Spina Bifida

Part of spinal cord comes out of spinal column

Scoliosis

Spine curves left or right

Kyphosis

—>Curvature of thoracic spine

—>Hunchback apperance

Lordosis

Anterior curvature of thoracic spine

There are ___ pairs of ribs that…

—>12

—>Attach to thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

—>Attach to sternum anteriorly by costal cartilage

There are ___ true ribs

7

There are ___ false ribs

3

There are __ floating ribs

2

Sternum

Anterior connection of ribs

Diaphragm

—>Primary muscle of inspiration

—>Under involuntary control but can be put under voluntary

Diaphragm points of orgin

—>Ribs

—>Xyphoid Process

—>Spinal Column

Central Tendon of Diaphragm

Floor for heart

3 openings of Diaphragm

1. Esophageal Hiatus

2. Foramen Vena Cava

3. Aortic Hiatus

Accessory muscle of inspiration

—>Allow volume of lungs to increase even more

—>Not essential for rest breathing

External Intercostals

—>Accessory muscle of inspiration

—>Located between each rib

—>Elevate rib cage

—>Prominent muscle for speech

Interchondral Portion of the Internal Intercostal muscles

—>Accessory muscle of inspiration

—>Sit between costal cartilage

—>Elevate ribs

Expiration

Eliminates waste products of respiration (CO2)

Diaphragm Vertical Movement

—>Inhalation: down & forward

—>Exhalation: down & forward

Rib Cage Vertical Movement

—>Inhalation: up & back

—>Exhalation: down & forward

Internal Intercostals

—>Accessory muscle of forced expiration

—>Depress rib cage

Transverse Thoracic

—>Accessory muscle of forced expiration

—>Depress rib cage

Innermost Intercostal Muscles

—>Accessory muscle of forced expiration

—>Depress rib cage

Rest Inspiration Characteristics

—>Active process

—>Relies on contraction of diaphragm

Forced Inspiration Characteristics

—>Active process

—>Relies on contraction of the external intercostals

—>Relies on contraction of interchondral portion of the internal intercostal

Rest Expiration Characteristics

—>Passive Process

—>Relies on gravity & elasticity

—>Relies on natural tendency of muscles to return to resting state

Forced Expiration Characteristics

—>Active Process

—>Requires internal intercostal

—>Requires transverse thoracic

—>Requires innermost intercostal

Movement of the lungs is due to _____ _______

Pleural Lining

Pleural Lining

—>Connective & fibroelastic tissue that lines lungs & surrounding structures

—>Allows for smooth movement during respiration

Viseral Lining

—>Type of pleural lining

—>Lines lungs

Parietal Lining

—>Type of pleural lining

—>Lines everything else

Diaphragmatic Lining

—>Type of parietal lining

—>Lines diaphragm

Costal Lining

—>Type of parietal lining

—>Lines ribcage

Interpleural pressure

Pressure in pleural fluid

Atmospheric pressure

Reference point (outside pressure)

Interpleural pressure

Between visceral & parietal pleura, always negative

Respiratory Cycle

1 inspiration, 1 expiration

Cycles of Respiration by age

—>newborns: 60 bpm

—>5 years: 20 bpm

—>15 years: 18 bpm

—>Adults: 12 bpm

Why do adults have less bpm

Their lungs do not take up as much thoracic cavity

Vital capacity decreases around age ___ because of ___, ___, and ____

—>25

—>age, size, sx

Checking Action

—>Maintaining accessory muscles of inspiration to maintain volume needed for longer exhalation

—>Allows us to speak on prolonged exhale

Inspiration/Expiration Rest Ratio

60/40

Inspiration/Expiration Speech Ratio

10/90

Emphysema

—>Pollutants kill cilia, reduce cleansing

—>Causes alveolar wall to break down, form single sack

—>Type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Asthma

Inflammation of bronchi/bronchioles

Pleurisy

Inflammation of pleural lining

Pneumothorax

Air in thoracic cavity around lung

Muscles needed for Rest Inspiration

Diaphragm

Muscles needed for Rest Expiration

None

Muscles needed for Speech Inspiration

—>Diaphragm (contracts)

—>Accessory Muscles of Inspiration

Muscles needed for Speech Expiration

—>Diaphragm (relaxes)

—>Accessory muscles of expiration

What is the primary purpose of respiration

Gas Exchange

Alveolar Pressure

Pressure in alveoli