Chapter 36 - The Digestive System

Diarrhea Treatment

Fluid restriction, Electrolyte balance, Meds

Disorders of Motility

Disorders associated with the movement of food through the GI tract

Dysphagia

Inability to eat/swallow

Causes of Dysphagia

Obstructions, Tumors, Neural or Muscular Disorders

Dysphagia Diagnosis

Imaging, Ultrasound

GERD stands for:

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

GERD

Reflux of acid, bile salts, or pepsin from the stomach up the esophagus

Pathophysiology of GERD

Malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter, hiatal hernia, coughing, heavy lifting, pregnancy

GERD clinical manifestation

dysphagia, chronic burning cough, abdominal pain after eating, Laryngitis, heart burn

GERD treatment

Proton pump inhibitor, Histamine Receptor antagonist, weight loss, giving birth

Types of Hiatal Hernias

Sliding, Paraesophageal

Hiatal Hernia Clinical Manifestations

Asymptomatic early in life, GERD, Dysphagia, Chest pain

Hiatal Hernia Evaluation

Imaging, Barium swallow, X-Ray, Endoscopy

Hiatal Hernia Treatment

frequent small meals, avoid laying down after meals, weight loss, surgery

Pyloric Obstruction

narrowing/blocking of the opening of stomach to duodenum

Pathophysiology of Pyloric Obstruction

Congenital or Acquired, Pyloric ulcers, carcinoma, tumor

Pyloric Obstruction Clinical Manifestation

Vague Symptoms, Presents after eating, pain, nausea, vomiting

Pyloric Obstruction Evaluation

Endoscopy

Pyloric Obstruction Treatment

Surgery, NG tube

NG Tube

Nasogastric Tube, used to relieve pressure

Intestinal Obstruction

Occurs as chyme moves through intestine

Gastritis

Inflammation of Gastric Mucosa

COX Enzymes stands for

Cyclooxygenase enzyme

Cyclooxygenase enzyme 1

produces protective prostaglandins that preserve the mucosal lining and regulate gastric acid

Cyclooxygenase enzyme 2

responsible for producing prostaglandins that promote inflammation

Acute Gastritis

Typically occurs in older adults, causes chronic inflammation

NSAIDS stands for

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

NSAIDS example

Ibuprofen, Aspirin

Acute Gastritis Pathophysiology

Chronic use of NSAIDS, H. Pylori

Acute Gastritis Clinical Manifestations

Fullness, Nausea, gastric pain

Acute Gastritis treatment

Soft bland diet, small frequent meals, antibiotics for H.Pylori

Peptic Ulcer

breakdown of mucosal lining, can occur in esophagus, stomach, duodenum

Peptic Ulcer Disease Pathophysiology

Chronic NSAID use, H.Pylori, Ulcer

Lactase

Enzyme that breaks down Lactose into monosaccharides

Lactose intolerant

Lactase deficient

Bile Salts Function

necessary for the digestion and absorption of fats

Bile Salt Deficiency Pathophysiology

Obstruction of common bile duct, Liver disease

Bile Salt Deficiency Clinical Manifestation

Poor absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins

Types of IBS

Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn’s Disease

Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcers in the Colon

Crohn’s Disease

irregular lesion pattern, can effect entire GI tract

Diverticula

bulging pouches that form along sigmoid colon

Appendicitis

Inflammation or infection of the appendix

Types of Adipose Tissue Distribution

Visceral, Peripheral