Previous Units

Reproduction

Passing on copies of genetic information

asexual reproduction

cloning= identical copies

sexual reproduction

2 parents, diverse offspring

carbohydrates

sugars, hydrophilic, energy storage and structure; lots of -OH, rings with oxygen embedded

glycosylation

the process where carbohydrates are attached to proteins or lipids in living cells

glycolipid

carbohydrates attached to lipids

glycoproteins

carbohydrates attached to proteins

N-linked glycoproteins

Crucial for protein folding, quality control, and immune modulation

O-linked glycoproteins

Involved in cell-to-cell recognition and forming protective mucus barriers

prokaryotes

primitive, bacteria (and archaea), small in size, circular DNA, lacking membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus

nucleoid

DNA rich region

ribosomes

assembles proteins

plasma membrane

acts as the cell’s gatekeeper regulating what can enter/exit, inner most layer

cell wall

determines cell shape, prevents cell from rupturing, made of peptidoglycans, middle layer

glycocalyx

helps evade a host’s immune system, stores water, outer most layer

pili

attaches one bacteria to another for gene transfer, transfers DNA between cells

flagella

enables the bacteria to “swim”

circular DNA

shape of prokaryotic cells DNA

gram positive bacteria

stain purple, have a thicker cell wall that captures the stain

gram negative bacteria

stain pink, have a thinner cell wall, also have a 2nd outer plasma membrane

cells can’t produce proteins

how does antibiotics target ribosomes

cells can’t perform specific functions

how does antibiotics target specific enzymes

cell can no longer regulate what enters or exits

how do antibiotics target the plasma membrane

cell takes on so much water it ruptures

how does antibiotics target the cell wall

enzymes

helps speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

ribozymes

acts an an enzyme but is made of RNA

protein

what kind of molecule is enzymes

RNA

what kind of molecule is ribozymes

activation energy

energy needed to push start a reaction

enzyme-substrate complex

substrate held in position in the enzymes active site

substrate

starting material

product

what is being formed

allosteric site

on/off switch

active site

where the chemical reaction occurs

competitive inhibition

molecule that can fit into the active aite, no reaction but it blocks the active site for the substrate

noncompetitive inhibition

molecule that binds to the allosteric site and switches off the enzyme, distorts the active site shape

negative

enzymes are often regulated by what kind of feedback loop

prosthetic group

permanently attach

coenzyme

organic, often vitamins, helps adjust the shape of the active site

cofactor

inorganic, Zn or Mn, atom helps adjust the shape of the active site

substrate binding specificity

enzymes are highly specific, affinity for its substrate

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators

factors that impact enzyme function

by ensuring that specific reactions happen in the right place

how do enzymes functions influence where they are located in the cell

hypothesis

an educated guess or explanation for a phenomenon

must be logical, testable, and falsifiable

requirements for a hypothesis

statement format, what is being tested, what is being measures, our prediction

hypothesis structure

null hypothesis

there is no impact or change from the treatment

alternative hypothesis

there is a change or impacts from the treatment

reject the null or alternative

do you prove a hypothesis correct of reject a hypothesis that isn’t supported by the data

theory

an idea based on multiple studies, can be used to make predictions/explanations

law

statement of fact, it hold under specific circumstances, rare in biology common in chemistry and physics

ask a question/make an observation, research, develop a hypothesis, experiment, analyze results, reject the hypothesis, report results

scientific method steps

create and test a hypothesis

what is the purpose of scientific method

pH

H+ concentration of a substance

more, lower

higher the H+ concentration the _____ acidic and the _____ the pH

acids

molecules that release H+

bases

molecules that release OH or bind H+

buffer

maintains a constant pH by acting as an acid or base

as basicity increases, pOH levels decrease

pOH scale

as acidity increases, pH levels decrease

pH scale

lower

the higher the pH the _____ the pOH

more

the more acidic a solution the _____ H+ there is

more

the lower the pH the ____ H+ concentration

hydrolysis

water splitting, exergonic reaction, release energy

dehydration (condensation)

endergonic reaction, often requires an energy input

chemical reaction

the change in the composition of distribution of atoms of a substance, with consequent alterations in properties

reactants

a chemical substance that enters into a chemical reaction with another substance

products

a molecule that results from the completion of a chemical reaction

viruses

specific intracellular infectious agent

genetic info, capsid, envelope

parts of a virus

genetic information

contains all of the info to build parts and assemble new viruses, double stranded or single stranded, DNA OR RNA

capsid

protein coat- provided the virus with its shape, helps protect its nucleic acid

envelope

stolen membrane- stolen from a host cell, helps hide the virus from the hosts immune system

helical, polyhedral, spherical, complex

virus shapes

complex

virus shape- 2 shapes combined, virus that targets bacteria

helical

protein/capsid shape

lytic cycle

kill the host cell

lysogenic cycle

leave a living host cell

decomposition

hydrolysis is an example of what reaction type

envelope

Which part of a virus is a membrane taken from a host cell?

complex

what is the shape of bacteriophage

synthesis

what type of reaction involves the production of a larger product by combining smaller reactants

base

A substance that can take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions in water is a(n)

redox

A reaction that transfers an electron from molecule to another is a(n)

catabolic

Which type of reaction often releases energy from the substrate?

redox reaction

The electron transport chain (ETC) is an example of a(n)

capsule

what organelle helps evade a host's immune system in a bacteria cell

clone

A genetically identical individual formed by asexual reproduction