Mastery Vocab - CWC Test 2

Benedict

Who: Leader of the Monastery at Monte Cassino

Where: Nursia, Italy

When: 500s AD

Significance: Made Benedict’s Rules, such as completing tasks, a moderate diet, obedience to the abbot, and discipline within the monastery, and established rules for monastic life.

Charlemagne

Who: Ruler of the revived Roman Empire

Where: Italy

When: 800s AD

Significance: Created the idea of Christendom, where church and state work together, started the Carolingian Renaissance, and his leadership led to societal developments like feudalism.

Muhammed

Who: Founder of Islam, prophet who received revelations from Allah, establishing a new faith and community

Where: Mecca

When: 500s AD

Significance: Founded Islam, experiences visions, wrote the Qur’an, and his religion, Islam, had 5 pillars.

Francis of Assisi

Who: Starts a new wave of monasticism

Where: Italy

When: 1200s AD

Significance: Focused on poverty and simplicity, went on missionary journeys where he would spread the gospel, and focused on mysticism, which is the direct, personal connection with God

Hildegard of Bingen

Who: A prominent abbess, composer, and visionary known for her contributions to music and mysticism. She advocated for natural medicine and wrote extensive theological texts.

Where: Germany

When: 1100s AD

Significance: Was an advisor to the kings and popes, a doctor of the church, and was a mystic, which is someone who has had direct spiritual experiences with God

Sacraments

What: Channels of God’s Grace

Where: Italy

When: 1100s

Significance: Administered by the Church, they are essential for spiritual growth and salvation. Baptism, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, the eucharist, and last rites.

Thomas Aquinas

Who: a medieval philosopher

Where: Italy

When: 1200s

Significance: Priest, theologian, rationalist approach, philosophy and faith are not contradictory but complementary, grace perfects nature, and had the idea of Summa Theologica, which summarized the Chrisitan Doctrine

Averroes

Who: Islamic Philosopher

Where: Morocco

When: 1100s

Significance: Rationalist perspective on God and God’s creation, complementary relationship between sacred and secular learning, interpreted Aristotle’s manuscripts, “Cloud of Witnesses” theme, and was a polymath.

High Middles Ages

What: flourishing time

Where: Europe

When: 1000-1300

Significance: A period marked by the growth of universities, advances in art and architecture, and the development of scholasticism, leading to significant cultural and intellectual achievements.

Black Death

What: very deadly disease during the Middle Ages

Where: Europe

When: 1300s

Significance: Wiped out 1/3 to ½ of the population of Europe, roughly 75-200 million were killed, originates in central Asia, and was spread through trades routes to SW Europe

Great Western Schism

What: A split within the Catholic Church resulting in multiple claimants to the papacy, leading to confusion and division among followers.

Where: Europe

When: 1300s

Significance: Council of Constance resolves the dispute in 1415, caused confusion among believers and weakened the authority of the papacy.

Ad Fontes

What: idea of going back to the source of the classical world

Where: Renaissance Europe

When: 1400s

Significance: Recover directly the language, literature, and values of ancient Greece and Rome, focus on genius of humanity and the ability of the human mind, and shifted from religious interests to human-centered interests

Erasmus

Who: Chrisitan Humanist

Where: Northern Europe

When: 1500s

Significance: Denied that humanism had to be secular, supported Ad Fontes especially applied to the Bible itself, 1516 Greek and Latin NT, Reformer of the Church “from within”, wrote “Education of a Christian Prince”, advised monarchs to maintain peach through righteousness, and was the “poster boy” for the northern Renaissance.

Machiavelli

Who: Father of modern political science

Where: Florence, Italy

When: 1500s

Significance: Separation of politics and morality, political realism in the prince, enduring cultural impact was that his ideas were so influential and shocking that his name gave birth to the term “Machiavelian” which is still used today, and had a new style for leadership

Italian Renaissance

What: Revival of classical art and learning in Italy

Where: Italy

When: 1500s

Significance: Marked by remarkable advancements in art, architecture, science, and literature, leading to a cultural flourishing that influenced Europe.

Gutenberg Printing Press

What: Cheaper way to create books

Where: Germany

When: 1400s

Significance: First time books were much cheaper and easier to make. Also, made each book the same instead copies being different from copier to copier and contributed to the spread of knowledge, literacy, and the ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation throughout Europe.

Protestant Reformation

What: Movement to reform the Catholic Church

Where: Germany

When: 1500s

Significance: sola scriptura, sola gratia, and sola fides proposed as the way we should worship and understand God. This movement led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations, challenging the authority of the Pope and resulting in significant religious, political, and cultural changes throughout Europe.

Martin Luther

Who: Biblical Scholar who started the Protestant Reformation

Where: 1500s

When: Germany

Significance: Proposed the 95 theses to reform the church, which criticized the sale of indulgences and affirmed salvation through faith alone, influencing the rise of Protestantism. Proposed Sola Scriptura, Sola Fides, and Sola Gratia.

John Calvin

Who: humanist educator

Where: France

When: 1500s

Significance: Writes “Institutes of the Christian Religion”, Geneva reforms, had 2 major themes of God’s glory and sovereignty and human depravity, Doctrine of Salvation, predestination and election

Elizabeth I

What: Queen of England

Where: England

When: 1500s

Significance: Returned England to Protestantism, Elizabethan compromise of Moderate Protestant theology, episcopal church government, and book of common prayer.

Anabaptists

Who: Radical Reformers (Extreme)

Where: Switzerland

When: 1500s

Significance: Reject sacraments, believers/adult baptism, no swearing oaths, pacifism, separation from culture, and their leader, Michael Sattler, was martyred.

Council of Trent

What: meeting of the leaders of the Roman Church

Where: Italy

When: 1500s

Significance: Discuss issues within the church that resulted in the addressing of the abuses in the church, reaffirmed traditional Roman doctrine, reaffirmed chruch authority and tradition, and created an index of banned books

Ignatius Loyola

Who: Minor Noble and Soldier

Where: France

When: 1500s

Significance: Injured in battle at 21, dedicated his life to Christ, missionary pilgrammage to Jerusalem, and studied at the University of Paris founded the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order known as the Jesuits, which emphasized education and missionary work.