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Circum
Around, about
Clast
Broken
Coel
Hollow
Con
With, jointly
Coron
Crown
Cost
Rib
Crani
skull
cumul
mass, heap
cyan
blue
cyst
capsule, sac, vesicle
dactyl
finger
dec(a), deka
ten
demi
half
dendr
tree
derm
skin
deut
second
di(a)
two
dict
speak
diplo
double
duct
to lead
dur
hard, lasting
dys
abnormal, bad, difficult
ecto
outside external
effer
carrying away
-emia
blood condition or disease
encephalo
brain
epi
upon, above, among
erythro
red
ex
out of, outer
-fer, -ferent
carry, bring
flagell
whip
foramen
opening
fract-, frag
break
gangli
knot
gen
produce, to give birth
geo
earth, soil
giga
a billion
glyco
sugar, sweet
gon
angle
-gram, -graph
write, record
halo
salt, sea
clar
clear
coccus
berry, grain
com
with, together
contra (o)
opposite, against
corp(o)
body
counter
against, opposite
cryo
cold
cuti
skin
cycl
circle, ring
cyto
cell
de
reduce, away, remove
deci
a tenth
dem(o)
people
dent, dont
tooth
desmo
band
dextro
right
dia
through, across, between
digit
finger
dorso
back
duo
two
dyna
power, energy
echino
spiny
-ectomy
remove, excise
em
in, into
endo
inside, within
equi
horse, equal
eu
well, good, true
exo
outside
feli
cat
fil
thread
-form
shape
gam-, gamo
united, joined, sexual
gast(e)r
stomach, pouch
-genic
producing, generating
ger
old age
glia
glue
gnath
jaw
gono
seed, sexual, reproductive
gyn
woman, female
haplo
single, simple
explain transcription
initiation -> elongation -> termination
Initiation of transcription
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter which pries apart the two DNA strands and initiates mRNA synthesis at the start on the template strand
Elongation of transcription
As the RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, elongating the mRNA transcript one base at a time, it unwinds the DNA double helix before it and rewinds the double helix behind it
Termination of transcription
mRNA synthesis ends when the termination signal is reached, RNA polymerase and the completed mRNA transcript are reached
DNA-RNA hybrid
16-18 base pairs of DNA are unwound and the most recently made RNA is still bound to DNA
where does transcription happen
nucleus
where does translation happen
cytoplasm
where can many key stages of gene expression be regulated?
in eukaryotic cells
translation
the synthesis of proteins as directed by mRNA templates, the first step in the formation of functional proteins
polypeptide chains must
fold into appropriate conformations and often undergo various processing steps, sorting, and transport
gene expression is regulated when
at the level of transition (as well as transcription) in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
control between DNA and RNA trasncription
transcriptional control
control between RNA transcript and mRNA
RNA processing control
control between mRNA (nucleus) and mRNA (cytosol)
RNA transport and localized control (in the cytosol)
control between mRNA and inactive mRNA
mRNA degradation control
control between mRNA and proteins
translation control
control between protein and inactive protein
protein activity control
amino acid
specified by three bases (a codon) in the mRNA
translation
is carried out on ribosomes with tRNAs serving as adaptors
Note 
Flashcard (46)