Cell Bio Ch 10, Ch 8, Ch 3, cell list 2

Circum

Circum

Around, about

Clast

Broken

Coel

Hollow

Con

With, jointly

Coron

Crown

Cost

Rib

Crani

skull

cumul

mass, heap

cyan

blue

cyst

capsule, sac, vesicle

dactyl

finger

dec(a), deka

ten

demi

half

dendr

tree

derm

skin

deut

second

di(a)

two

dict

speak

diplo

double

duct

to lead

dur

hard, lasting

dys

abnormal, bad, difficult

ecto

outside external

effer

carrying away

-emia

blood condition or disease

encephalo

brain

epi

upon, above, among

erythro

red

ex

out of, outer

-fer, -ferent

carry, bring

flagell

whip

foramen

opening

fract-, frag

break

gangli

knot

gen

produce, to give birth

geo

earth, soil

giga

a billion

glyco

sugar, sweet

gon

angle

-gram, -graph

write, record

halo

salt, sea

clar

clear

coccus

berry, grain

com

with, together

contra (o)

opposite, against

corp(o)

body

counter

against, opposite

cryo

cold

cuti

skin

cycl

circle, ring

cyto

cell

de

reduce, away, remove

deci

a tenth

dem(o)

people

dent, dont

tooth

desmo

band

dextro

right

dia

through, across, between

digit

finger

dorso

back

duo

two

dyna

power, energy

echino

spiny

-ectomy

remove, excise

em

in, into

endo

inside, within

equi

horse, equal

eu

well, good, true

exo

outside

feli

cat

fil

thread

-form

shape

gam-, gamo

united, joined, sexual

gast(e)r

stomach, pouch

-genic

producing, generating

ger

old age

glia

glue

gnath

jaw

gono

seed, sexual, reproductive

gyn

woman, female

haplo

single, simple

explain transcription

initiation -> elongation -> termination

Initiation of transcription

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter which pries apart the two DNA strands and initiates mRNA synthesis at the start on the template strand

Elongation of transcription

As the RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, elongating the mRNA transcript one base at a time, it unwinds the DNA double helix before it and rewinds the double helix behind it

Termination of transcription

mRNA synthesis ends when the termination signal is reached, RNA polymerase and the completed mRNA transcript are reached

DNA-RNA hybrid

16-18 base pairs of DNA are unwound and the most recently made RNA is still bound to DNA

where does transcription happen

nucleus

where does translation happen

cytoplasm

where can many key stages of gene expression be regulated?

in eukaryotic cells

translation

the synthesis of proteins as directed by mRNA templates, the first step in the formation of functional proteins

polypeptide chains must

fold into appropriate conformations and often undergo various processing steps, sorting, and transport

gene expression is regulated when

at the level of transition (as well as transcription) in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

control between DNA and RNA trasncription

transcriptional control

control between RNA transcript and mRNA

RNA processing control

control between mRNA (nucleus) and mRNA (cytosol)

RNA transport and localized control (in the cytosol)

control between mRNA and inactive mRNA

mRNA degradation control

control between mRNA and proteins

translation control

control between protein and inactive protein

protein activity control

amino acid

specified by three bases (a codon) in the mRNA

translation

is carried out on ribosomes with tRNAs serving as adaptors