Cell Organelles and Stuff CH2

What is a cell

cells are the life fundamental unit of strucutre and funcitons

Smallest Unif of organization that can perfrom activities of life

How were cells discovered

microscope

who discovered cells

Robert Hooke found dead cells

Who found live cells

Van Leeuwenhoek

What are three rules of Cell Theory

1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cell

2. Cell is the basic unit of organisms

   1. All cells come from pre exisiting cells

what is the newest rule to cell theory

1. activity of organism depend on indepedent cells

2. energy flows occur within cells

3. cells carry and pass on hereditary infomration

   1. all cells have basic chemical strucutrue or composition

Bacteria

Single Cell

Organims

Multiple cells with different tasks

Characterisitcs of all cells

1. bounded by plasma membrane

2. contain genetic materil

   1. Contain ribosomes

Prokaryotic Cell

Dont have nucleus and have very few organellese

eukaryotic cells

have membrane bounded nucleus and organelles

Cell Membrane

Protect cells from enviorments by allowing certain thigns to pass through

What does cell membrane contain

membrane protiens

phospholipid bilyater

cholesterol (animals)

sterol (plants)

Phospholopids Bilayer

Make up majority of cells membrane

two sides of lipids one point outside one points inward

Phospholipid moelcule parts

2 non polar fatty acid tails

1 polar phosphate head

has a glycerol backbone

what are the phospholipid made of

made by the smooth ER and are emphiphathic

What is the difficultiy of things passing through the membrane

Hydrophobic moleucles can easily pass through

Small Uncharged polar moleucles can pass throughw

what struggles to pass through the cell membrane

Ions and large uncharged polar moleucles struggle to diffuse through

what makes it easier to cross the membrane on its own

small and uncharge polar molecule

Fluid Mossaic Model

Mossaic: composed of multple different parts

Fluid: cell membrane parts are consistenly moving around

Nucleus

Contains Genetic Matieral for cell

double layer nuclear envelope

nucleolus and nuclear manina

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane

has nuclear pores that allow moelcules to enter and exit

nuclear lamina

provide mechanical support to give nucleus shape

Nucleolus

make ribosomes

site of ribosomal rRNA synthesis

Site of ribosome subnit assembly

Chromosones

organized compact form of DNA

Chromatins

general packaging of DNA and protiens

and surrounds histones to give it strucutre

Histones

allows for the strucutre to be bundled in nuckleosomes

Chromatid

The chromatin all bunch up into a singe line

Chromosomes

are two chromatid

Cytosol

Aqeuos substance that the organelees are suspended withinCy

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is the cystosol plus the organeles

Ribosomes

have two subunits

(rRNA + prtoein )

Protein synthesis

Rough ER

Seperates the cytosol from ER Lumen

Synthesize protiens

continous with outer nuclear membrane

Can modify protiens by adding additional groups

Smooth ER

No ribosomes

synthesize lipids and steroid hormones

can break down toxins and drugs

what is the main differences in visuals

rough ER has dots that represent ribosomes while smooth ER have none

Golgi APpartus

Modify and package protiens by adding groups

make lysosomes

transport various substances in vesicles

DOES NOT CREATE PROTEINS

Cis face and Trans face of golgi

Cis face is the face where thigns enter and then leave through the trans face

Ribosome SIze for prokaryote and eukaryote

Prokaryote is 70 while eukaryote is 80

Lysosomes are nade frim what

Made by the golgi

contain digestive enzymes wiht LOW PH

Functions of lysosomes

apoptosis - cell death

authophagy - recycles dead cells

break down nutriets, pathogens, and cell debris

where are peroxisomes found

found in liver or kidney

breakdown substances, fatty acids, and amino acids

generate Hydrogen Peroxide

Vacuoles

vesicles inside clels taht strore and move mateials and are membrane bound

types of vesicles

transport - move matierla between organelles

food transport food and fuse with lysosomes

central - tonoplasts in plant cells and maintain turgur and rigidity

contractile - collect and pump water out of cell and prevent bursting

Cytoskeleton

maintain cell shape and provide mechanical support

move components within the cell

cell motility - movement of cell itself

act as anchor

Microfilmanets

made of actin and involved in cell motlility

cell contraction

movement and form cleave furrow in mitosisi

intermediate filaments

maintian the shape

karotin - found in skin

Microtubules

made of tubulin for support and motility

what are the smallest to biggest cytoskeleton

microfilament, intermeidate filament, microskeleton

Microtubules can form what

bundles of microtubules can form cilia flagella and centrioles

cilia

short hair like extension from cell for movment

nose hairs

moves back and forth sweeping like towing boat

flagella

thread like extension from cell for movmenet

whip like motions and parrallel to direction of cell

Centrioles

development of spindle fibers

Do not have membrane

Microtubule Arrangement

9+2 arrangement or

9 hair doublets surroundign a central pair of microtubules w

what are microtubles anchor by

Basal body - the base of the cilia flagella that the rest of the microtubule project out from

what is the 9 × 3 microtubule arrangment

there are nine sets of triplet microtubules wiht no pair in the middle

found in centrioles and basal bodies

microvili

are membrane porjections composed of actin core

function is incerase surface area of cells

seen in digestive system and help absorp nutrients

How are centrioles found

Centrioels are always found in pairs that are perpendicular and help to aid in division

strucutres is centrosomes and basal bodies 9 × 3 bodies

found at the base of glagellum and chilum

Mitochondira

Has Double Membrane

contians its own circular dna and ribosomes

what are the fucntions of mitochondira

site of synetheisze atp and bexa ocidation or fatty acids

Mitochondira

analyze by christae or double membrane and ribosomes

Chloroplast

only present in cells capable of photosynthesis

contain own circular dna

dervie from cyanobacteria

functions of chlorpolast

carry out photosyntehsis

gives green color from absorbing blue and red ligth and reflect green

Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and Chloroplast used to be independent

howver they have smbiotic relationsip got swallwoed and became oranelles

E

EVIDENCE FOR endosymbiotic theory

Own circular DNA

Divde independently by binary fission

cotnain other sutructures simialr to bacteria

simialr size

Similarieites and differences of Aniamls and plants cells

Plants have a cell wall

more rectangle square shape

Plastids

Storgae Vaccuoles

Anaimals have centrioles

Types of plastids

chlorplast lecuplast and chromoplast

Membrane Protiens

are protiens ofund in the cell membrane

peripheral protien

attached to the surface of membrane i

integral

attached to the surface and emdedded into the membrame

Transmembrane protein

goes from one side out the other so from the outisde to the ionside

Transport protein

allow for the passage of substances across memrbane to help

Channel Protein

Hollow openings that allow things to directly pass through

Ion Channels

Help of channel proteins help to move things in and out

regulated by alwauys open, voltage gated,

mechanically gated by pressure

ligand gated- signal moelcuel must help to open and impornatnt in nerve system

Carrier Protein

a specific molecule to needs to bind to the side which will change the shape and then allow it to move inside

Receptor Proteins

Bind to signlaing moelucles which signals changes to inside of the cell

Glycoprotiens

have carbohydrate group attached and are used for cell to cell recognition and let you know to eliinate or keep

Use for cell adheison by syavlizing

Enzymes

help to covnert thigns

Type of Junctions

Tight Junction - seal between adjacent cells to make sure there is no room in the middle to pass tbhrough and must go through membrane to pass

Adherence Junctions - form a thick band to ensure there is connection for integrety nad attach adjacent cells and fibersd

desmosones

they connect adjacent cells and have a stronger connection and are in itssues expose to more stress

BETTER CONNECTION

attached to keratin

Hemidemosome

half a demisome and are inside of the cell

Hold cells in place

Do not conenct adjacet cells instead

ATTACH CELLS TO EXTRA CELLUAR MATRIX

GAP junctions

for cell to cell commuciation by adjacent cells and is mainly for cell signaling and electricla signals

Coordianted Heart Contraction

Apical Side

Side of the cell that point outwards and not attach to anything else

the side that is not attached to anyhting else

Lateral side

Later surface cell is going to cells that are adhacent to it

Basal Side

Opposite side of Apical and bound to the basement of the membrane or Extracelluar Matric

Membrane Protein Excretion

Transmembrane proteins are removed by addition of detergents

detergents surround the hydrpohonic parts of the protien and allows it to dissolve in water and no longer stays emdeeded

remove peri[heral protein

remove by adjusitng the salt and pH concentration causes dissociation of the ionic interaction

Passive Transport

No energy is used

can move from one side to the other A

move down it gradient

move from high to low

Active Transport

Energy is needed

because we need to go agains the gradient

move from low to high

energetically is unfavorable

Passive Diffusion moved from

moves from high to low

Simple Diffusion

Dont require any protien and move directly through membrane

faciliatated diffusion

simialr to simple dffusion but with the need for a transmembrane protein

active transport moves from

low to hgih

active transport requires what

transport protien

primary active transport

using atp directly to move a substance against its gradient

secondary active transport

dont use ATP but uses an established electorchemical gradient to move against gradient

Cell membrane is semi permemable

semi permeable means it onyl allows certain things to pass

Endocytosis

taking in molecules through vesicle

exocytosis

removing moeucles through vesicles

increasing

Phagocytosis

engulfing particles by extending strucutres like pseudopods

packaged into vacule to be broke down later

pinocytosis

a cell cotnain drinks fluids into small vesciles r