Mendelian Genetics: Principles, Terminology, and Monohybrid Crosses
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22 Terms
Who discovered the basic principles of heredity?
Gregor Mendel
What plant did Mendel use for his experiments?
Pea plants
During which years did Mendel conduct his experiments?
1856-1863
What is a key characteristic of Mendel's pea plants?
They were highly in-bred and promoted self-fertilization.
What does it mean for a plant to be 'true-breeding'?
It consistently produces the same trait in offspring.
What was the result of crossing two tall pea plants?
They only produced tall progeny.
What is a gene?
An inherited factor encoded in DNA that helps determine a characteristic.
What is an allele?
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
What does 'locus' refer to in genetics?
A specific space on a chromosome occupied by an allele.
What is a genotype?
A set of alleles possessed by an individual organism.
What is the difference between a homozygote and a heterozygote?
A homozygote has two of the same allele at a locus, while a heterozygote has two different alleles.
What is a phenotype?
The appearance or manifestation of a character.
What is a monohybrid cross?
A cross between parents that differ in a single characteristic.
What does the F1 generation represent?
The first filial generation, offspring of the parental generation.
What was the phenotypic ratio observed in Mendel's F2 generation?
3:1 ratio of Round to Wrinkled seeds.
What is the principle of segregation?
Each individual organism possesses two alleles encoding a trait, which separate when gametes are formed.
What is the significance of dominant and recessive traits?
Dominant traits appear unchanged in heterozygous offspring, while recessive traits do not appear.
What happens to alleles during gamete formation?
They separate with equal probability.
What is the outcome of a homozygous round pea plant?
It only produces round peas.
What is the outcome of a heterozygous round pea plant?
It produces round and wrinkled peas in a 3:1 ratio.
What does independent assortment refer to?
Alleles at different loci separate independently during gamete formation.
What is the assumption made about crossing over in Mendel's laws?
It assumes that no crossing over occurs.