Final Religion Quiz

Spectrum of religion-state relationships

persecuted, tolerated, established

Religious community challenged and persecuted by political order

which supports one or more other religions or none

Religious community accepted or tolerated by political order

as one among many or as subordinate to a state-sanctioned religion

religious community supported or established by political order

which is or is not tolerant of other religions

Theocracy

religious and political leadership are one and the same

Civil Religion

is the nonsectarian merging of sacred and national symbols as a means of promoting group cohesion; prevalent examples in the USA include phrases like “God Bless America,” “In God we Trust” and “one nation under God”

Hellenistic

Greco-Roman influence (ca. 300 BCE - 650 CE)

Ashkenazic

north-central European influence; 10th century and following; German speaking; name derives from Jeremiah 51:27-28

Sephardic

8th-13th century Iberian influence spreading to North Africa, Balkans, and Middle East among Muslims, especially since the late 15th century; name comes from Obadiah 1:20

“Modernist”

“Secular” “Western” — most are of Ashkenazic decent; spans the spectrum from Orthodox/Traditionalist to Conservative and Reform Jews of Today

Modern Israeli

a blend of all of the above, plus an element of Zionism born of Modern secular European political and social ideals

4 Models of Covenant Community

Prophets, Priests, Kings, Sages

A nation led by prophets

Moses through the judges and pre- and post-exlic periods

A liturgical community led by priests

exodus (Aaron) through 70 CE

A state led by kings

Saul, David, Solomon and others into post-exilic period

A disciple led by sages

= rabbis; post-second Temple

Modern State of Israel

• created by United Nations in 1947-1948

• incorporates aspects of the covenant community

• distinctly modernist political ideals born out of the Enlightenment and Zionist movements

Zionism

is a nationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture to reestablish a homeland in the territory historically known as Israel

Messianic Expectations

• Some Jews expect and work toward reestablishment of a literal Davidic rulership w/ Temple rebuilding and rebirth of avodah

• Others more modernized and metaphorical hope for uncontested nation that acts as a model state among global powers

When and where were Jews given rights?

Roman Citizenship in 212 CE

Patriarch

“Leader of the Fatherland”; negotiated political submission to Rome and Jewish cultural autonomy in Judea and Palestine from 2nd century to 425

(after Christianity became the official religion of the empire)

Exilarch

Head of the Exiles; similar role as Patriarch; led Jewish communities from Mesopotamia from 2nd century well into Muslim ara

Gaon

• pride

• Exilarch and rabbinic academy heads became known as

Babylonian Talmud

was compiled under Exilarchate

What saw the rise of anti-Semitism in Christian Europe?

Reformation and modern periods

Holocaust

• saw the extermination of around 6 million Jews, roughly 2/3 of pre-WWII European Jewish population

• the term derives from the “whole burnt offering” described in Leviticus and Torah passages

Incarnation

large part of Christian justification for the use of material objects for worship purposes

Futitum Capax Infinity

• “the finite is capable of the infinite”

• word becomes flesh reveals

Divine and other heavenly realities were understood to be mediated through ex.

the sacraments and their physical elements

Second Council of Nicaea (787 CE)

• specified the type of honor that would be given to saints and their relics and icons

• specified that every altar should contain a relic, in order to be consecrated

Latin: Veneratio, Greek: Proskynesis; Dulia

honor due to someone of higher rank; as distinct from…

Latin: Adoratio, Greek: Latreia or Latria

worship due only to God

Because veneration was distinguished from adoration

this use of icons was not considered idolatrous to the majority of church leaders

Iconoclasm

• Image smashing

• Protestant Reformation included a great deal of this

Why did the Reformation get a huge bump?

Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press (ca. 1540)

Index of Forbidden Books

without much control of what congregants could purchase and read, the Roman Catholic church expanded this

313 CE (Christianity)

Constantine issues Edict of Milan, officially tolerating Christianity within the Roman Empire

381 CE (Christianity)

Theodosius makes Christianity the religion of eastern Roman Empire

Christendom

much of Europe called this to indicate various forms of political, military, and cultural establishment of Christianity in these times and regions, especially over against paganism and the rise and spread of Islam

Caesaropapism

a form of rulership that is at one secular (Caeser) and religious (papal)

• name often given to Constantine’s legacy

• first “Holy Roman Emperor”

Reformers denied…

papal supremacy, but increased the authority in state matters with many Protestant-controlled territories, creating a local theocracy

Cuius regio, eius religio

“whoever’s religion, his religion”

• informal policy of establishing the denomination of the ruling secular power

• Thirty Years’ War

The Enlightenment of the 18th Century

“separation of church and state”

Iman

authoritative doctrines

Ibada

duties

what makes up the din

the doctrine (iman) and practices/duties (ibada)

Majid

“place of prostration”

• mosque is a liturgical not an architectural concept

Qubba

dome common in Middle Eastern architecture

Mihrab

niche in wall marking qibla = direction towards Mecca

Minaret

tower for the call to prayer

Minbar

raised platform/seat where Friday preacher (imam) sits, often domed and adorned with new moon symbols

Traditional Muslim Cities are centered around…

the Friday Mosque and open market, known as the suq or bazaar

Bayt

house

• also a term for God’s domain in Mecca

• Ka’aba; domestic space is treated as a kind of sanctuary and used for family prayers

Awra

• concept is guiding principle

• body areas not to be seen by anyone outside of the family/household

Women Awra

applies to all but face and hands of women

Hijab

is a common article of clothing used to cover the hair and neck of Muslim women

Men Awra

extends from the naval to the knees

Hijra

immigration from Mecca to Medina beginning 622

• Muslims conquer Arabian Peninsula

In 1258…

• Mongols sacked Baghdad

• conquerors then converted to Islam

Ottoman Muslims

• seized control of much of Eastern Europe from 14th to 20th century

• Anatolian Peninsula

Istanbul, Turkey

• Muslims took control of Christian Constantinople in 1453

Muslim Majority

Middle East, Central, South, and Southeast Asia, and North Africa

What country has the largest Muslim population?

Indonesia with 212 million

Ayatollah

Sign of God

Hizbullah

Party of God in Lebanon

• spread the model of Iran to other countries

Dawla

the state, governing authority

Umma

the (worldwide) “community” of Muslims