RADPATHO: CARDIO

Heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins

Cardiovascular System consist of:

HEART

acts as pump to propel the blood
throughout the body via the circulatory vessels

Right and Left Atrium

UPPER CHAMBERS

LOWER CHAMBERS

Right and Left Ventricles

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Three tissue layer of heart

ENDOCARDIUM

Innermost layer of heart

MYOCARDIUM

Middle layer and is muscular.

EPICARDIUM

Outermost layer and protective covering

SYSTOLE AND DIASTOLE

CARDIAC CYCLE

SYSTOLE

Contraction of myocardium

DIASTOLE

relaxation of heart muscle

sinoatrial (SA) node; upper portion of the right atrium

The pacemaker of the heart is the , which is located in the near the superior vena cava

ARTERIES

blood vessels that carry blood away
from the heart and are generally named for
their location or the organ they supply

CAPILLARIES

are microscopic vessels that
connect arteries and veins. They are
responsible for the exchange of substances
necessary for nutrient and waste transport

• 10 Posterior ribs should be visible within the
lung fields
• Sternoclavicular joints should be an equal
distance from the spine
• Scapulae should be rolled forward out
• Conventional chest radiographs are generally
obtained using a 72-inch SID to decrease
magnification of the heart

STANDARD RADIOGRAPH

condition or conditions that result
in a decrease in cardiac output

DYSPNEA (CHF)

Commonly suffer from after even
mild physical activity

peripheral edema and ascites

Other common symptoms for patients with
CHF

cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema or pleural effusion

In CHF the Chest X-ray may demonstrate

• HYPERTENSION
• AORTIC COARCTATION (NARROWING OF THE
AORTA)
• AORTIC AND MITRAL VALVE DISEAS

CONDITONS AFFECTING THE LEFT SIDE OF THE
HEART:

• PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
• PULMONARY OR TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE

CONDITONS AFFECTING THE RIGHT OF THE HEART

• ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
• ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
• CARDIOMYOPATHY
• CARDIAC FIBROSIS
• ANEMIA
• CHRONIC ARRYTHMIA
• THYROID DEASEASE

CONDITONS AFFECTING BOTH SIDE OF THE HEART

• Improve Diet
• Moderate Physical Activity
• Weight Reduction
• Sodium Restriction
• Fluid Restriction
• Smoking Cessation
• Alcohol Cessation

MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE MAY INCLUDE

DEXTROCARDIA

It has an unknown etiology

Situs inversus

very rare congenital condition where all of the organs in the body are transposed to the opposite side

DEXTROCARDIA

congenital defect
where the heart is transposed to the opposite
side of the body within the thorax

DEXTROCARDIA

Can occur independently of situs invesus and
is somewhat more common

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

very rare congenital heart defect that
presents at birth

PULMONARY STENOSIS, RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT, OVERRIDING AORTA

TOF consists of the following 4 defects

PULMONARY STENOSIS

narrowing of the pulmonary valve restricts the flow of blood into the pulmonary arteries

PULMONARY STENOSIS

causes the heart to have to pump harder and it leads to hypertension

RIGHT VENTRICLE (RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY)

has to work harder to pump blood and enlarges due to the pulmonary stenosis

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT

a hole that is located between the
ventricles

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT

allows oxygenated blood to flow from the
left ventricle to the right ventricle instead of
into the aorta and rest of the body

oxygenated blood ; cyanotic

As a result, the body is being deprived of
__ and the newborn
becomes ______

OVERRIDING AORTA

defective aorta causes deoxygenated
blood to flow directly into the aorta and
bypass the lungs

"boot-shaped" radiographic appearance

combination of these four heart
defects causes the heart to have a very
distinctive

ANEURYSM

weakening of an arterial wall that results in a bulge or balloon-like appearance

ANEURYSM

most commonly associated with cerebral arteries and the abdominal aorta

AAA

form with minimal symptoms and are
easily diagnosed with an ultrasound

65 to 70

average age for diagnosis in AAA is between

5cm ; 15cm

risk of rupture begins at _ and they can swell to over__ in diameter

5cm ; cholesterol levels, reduce hypertension, and smoking cessation

non surgical approach for aneurysms less than ____ would be to lower _____, ______, ______