Cognition Wknd Quiz 1

Why does the brain require a large blood supply?

The brain is small in weight but has very high metabolic demands for oxygen and glucose.

How does cerebral blood flow relate to neural activity?

When neurons fire more, local blood flow and oxygen delivery increase.

What are the two main arterial systems supplying the brain?

The anterior (carotid) system and posterior (vertebrobasilar) system.

What is the Circle of Willis?

A ring of arteries at the base of the brain that provides collateral blood flow if one vessel is blocked.

What is the main artery of the body?

The aorta.

What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into on the right side?

The right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery.

What does the common carotid artery divide into?

The external carotid artery and internal carotid artery.

What does the external carotid artery supply?

The face, scalp, and neck.

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

The anterior brain.

Which arteries arise from the internal carotid artery?

The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA).

What is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery?

The middle cerebral artery (MCA).

Where does the MCA run?

Into the Sylvian fissure.

What regions does the MCA supply?

Lateral frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex, internal capsule, and basal ganglia.

Why are left MCA strokes associated with aphasia?

The left MCA supplies the classic language areas.

What are common features of a left MCA stroke?

Aphasia, right-sided weakness and sensory loss, apraxia, dysarthria, alexia, agraphia, and acalculia.

What are common features of a right MCA stroke?

Left hemiparesis, left sensory loss, left neglect, anosognosia, impaired attention, reduced prosody, and social communication changes.

Where does the ACA travel?

Along the medial surface of the brain near the corpus callosum.

What areas does the ACA supply?

Medial frontal and parietal lobes, prefrontal regions, cingulate gyrus, and leg motor/sensory areas.

What are common features of an ACA stroke?

Abulia, akinetic mutism, impaired attention and judgment, personality changes, and leg-predominant weakness.

What happens with bilateral ACA involvement?

Bilateral leg deficits and possible urinary incontinence.

Where do the vertebral arteries originate?

From the subclavian arteries.

How do vertebral arteries enter the skull?

Through the foramen magnum.

What artery is formed when the vertebral arteries join?

The basilar artery.

What structures does the basilar artery supply?

The brainstem and cerebellum.

What are the three major cerebellar arteries?

PICA, AICA, and SUCA.

What does PICA stand for?

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

What does AICA stand for?

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery.

What does SUCA stand for?

Superior cerebellar artery.

What happens to the basilar artery rostrally?

It divides into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs).

What structures are supplied by the PCA?

The occipital lobe, inferior temporal regions, fusiform gyrus, and ventral temporal structures.

What is homonymous hemianopsia?

Loss of the visual field opposite the side of the lesion.

What are common PCA stroke symptoms?

Homonymous hemianopsia, visual agnosia, and face/object recognition problems.

What arteries connect the PCA to the anterior circulation?

Posterior communicating arteries.

What is the function of the Circle of Willis?

It allows redistribution of blood flow when vessels are narrowed or blocked.

What is a cognitive-communication disorder (CCD)?

A communication disorder caused by impaired cognition rather than a primary language deficit.

What cognitive abilities are commonly affected in CCD?

Attention, memory, executive function, processing speed, reasoning, and social cognition.

How does CCD differ from aphasia?

Aphasia is a language system impairment; CCD is a cognitive impairment affecting language use.

What is the core deficit in aphasia?

The language system itself.

What is the core deficit in CCD?

Cognition that disrupts effective language use.

How does speech typically sound in CCD?

Fluent but disorganized, tangential, impulsive, or socially inappropriate.

What is a clue that CCD may be present rather than aphasia?

Speech is fluent but content is poorly organized, unsafe, or irrelevant.

What are common causes of CCD?

TBI, right hemisphere stroke, dementia, tumors, anoxia, Parkinson's disease, MS, CNS infections, and developmental conditions.

What are warning signs of CCD?

Disorganized discourse, tangential responses, poor problem solving, and difficulty with complex information.

What are the four cognitive systems behind conversation?

Attention, memory, executive functions, and social cognition.

What types of attention support conversation?

Sustained, selective, alternating, and divided attention.

What types of memory support communication?

Working, episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.

What executive functions support communication?

Planning, initiation, inhibition, self-monitoring, and organization.

What is social cognition?

The ability to interpret tone, facial cues, intentions, and perspectives.

Why can CCD create safety concerns?

Patients may sound normal but struggle with medication, diet, and discharge instructions.

What cognitive deficits can create safety risks in CCD?

Memory failures, poor attention, slow processing, cognitive fatigue, poor insight, neglect, and impaired judgment.

What is the SLP's role in CCD?

Assess cognition and communication, provide restorative and compensatory interventions, and support functional communication.

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