Moral Development

Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning (Gilligan): Care Orientation

Based on desire to maintain relationship and not cause harm to other people; women are more likely to do this; looks like Kohlberg's moral reasoning in conventional reasoning.

Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning (Gilligan): Justice Orientation

Based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism; men are more likely to do this; looks like Kohlberg's moral reasoning in post-conventional reasoning.

Prosocial Behavior: Parent and Other Caregivers

Means voluntary behavior intended to benefit another; can make kids do chores (caring, cooking, cleaning, etc.).

Contextual Influences on Aggression

Familial influences such as spanking, threatening, abuse, etc.

exposure to aggressive models like domestic violence and community violence

community factors include poor communities having less opportunities and resources leading to more delinquent activity; not busy with access to drugs and weapons leading to more violence

also see how rich or well off outside their community, making them jealous and more likely to commit crimes.