vocab big final

Deflicit

the result when the govenmentspends more than it makes in taxes in a single year

Keynesian economics

a theroy that the government should use fiscal policy to manage the economy through taxing and spending to create more economics stability

Supply Side economics

the theroy that lower taxes stimulates the economy by encouraging spending and investment

Caucus

face to face meetings of partty members at the local or state level to determine their partyś candidate for office

general election

an election to select the person who will hold office

Incumbent

an officeholder who is running for re-election

Single member districts

the electoral system used to select members of the HOR. also known as winner takes all

Redistricting

changing congressional district boundries based on a new census

Gerrymandering

drawing Congressional district boundaries to benefit a group , usally a politcal party

Closed Primary

a vote by party members to detirmine their partyś candidate for office which is restricted to party members

open primary

an election to determine a party´s candidate for office in which the party allows non-party members to vote

midterm election

an election in which voters elect members of congress but non the president

horse race journalism

the tendency of the media to focus on which candidates for office

platform

the offical position of a political party

linkage institution

a structure within society that connects people to the government such as political parties, the media, interest groups and elections

Free rider

the problem faced by interst groups, inclusind unions when citizens can reap the benefits of interest groups actions without actually joining the group

Lobbying

efforts by an interest group or individual to contact a member of Congress and advocate for a particular policy

grassroots lobbying

ordinary citizens raising awareness for a cause and pushing the government to adopt a particular policy

PAC

an organization that is registered with the FEC and raises and donates money to a candidate and must disclose its doners

Iron triangles

the informal relationship between government agencies and departments, congressional committees and interest groups, also known as the revolting door

issue network

a network of interest groups, government agencies, universities, think tanks, media and congressional committees that regularly debate an issue

Independant expentitures

money spent on ads that are not sponsored by a candidate or party, also known as outside money

dealignment

when voters no longer identify with one of the two major parties and become independent voters

realignment

the process through which voters leave one party coalition and join the others party coalition

divided government

when the president is from one political party and one or both houses of Congress are controlled by the opposing party

Rational Choice voting

voting based on what is perceived to be in the citizen´s individual interest

retrospective voting

voting to decide wether a party or candidate in power should be re-elected based on the recent past

party line voting

supporting a psrty by voting for candidates from one politcal partty to all public offcies across the ballot

white house staff

presidents personal assistants and advisors

executive order

a formal order issues by the president to direct the federal bureaucracy

executive agreement

a formal agreement between the president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval but can be changed by another president

Lame duck period

the time during which the president who has lost an election or has ended a second term is still in office before the new president is sworn in

pocket veto

when the president does not sign a bill within 10 days when Congress is it session

signing statemtn

an informal power where the president issues a statement after signing a bill explaining his or her interpretation of the law

bully pulpit

the presidents ability to speak directly to the public to influence option and policy

coattail effect

the boost that candidates may get in an election because of the popularity of the president

bureaucracy effect

the system of civil servants and political appointees who implement congressional or presidential decisions

mandatory spending

expenditures that the federal government cannot realistically reduce because the government cannot control how many people quialy for them

discretionary spending

spending that can be increased or cut without changing any laws, which is everything besides contracts, entitlements, and interest on the debt

policy agenda

problems that have the attention of the government and the public

entitlments

promises made by the government to an identifiable group of people who are guaranteed benefits regardless of need

social security

a government program that provides retirement benefits and healthcare to disabled workers

medicare

federal health insurance for the elderly

medicaid

federal health benefits for low income persons

monetary policy

influencing the economy through federal interests rates, reserve rates, and the amount of money in circulation

fiscal policy

impacting the economy through taxing and spending in the budget

inflation

the increase in the price of consumer goods over time

deflict

the result when the government spends ofr than it makes in taxes in a single year

keynesian economics

theory that the government should use fiscal policy to manage spending through taxing and spending to create more economic stability

Liberal

Supports a stronger government program and market regulation

Conservative

Support, lowering taxes, less government, and a free market

Political socialization

The process by which an individual develops his or her political beliefs

Demographics

The statistical characteristics of a population

Party polarization

When parties move farther away from each other

Gender, gap

Men 10 to support Republican party, greater than women

Random sample

Population chosen to participate in a survey in which I remember of a whole population has an equal chance of being chosen

Intensity

How strongly a person feels about a political issue

Salience

Tent, to which people believe political issues are relevant to them

Political efficacy

Individuals believe that his are her political participation can make a difference

Life cycle effects

The impact of a person agent stage in life on his, or her political views

Generation effects

The impact of historical events experience spider generation upon their political views

Oversight

Congressional committee hearings held to determine how well an agency is doing its job

Filibuster

A procedure used to in the Senate to talk about to death

Motion for closure

60 votes to end filibuster

Pork barrel spending

A provision added to a bill that benefits a specific congressional district

Log rolling

Members of Congress trade votes for favors in order to get the bills they supported past

Casework

Congressional staff to help con consultant solve the problem

by partisan

When both parties work together to sponsor bill

Discharge petition

A method where a majority of members can force a bill in the HOR out of committee of the house floor for a vote

Constituents

The people who are member of Congress represents

Trustee model

Model of representation where a member of Congress votes how they want, even if sometimes it’s against the wishes of the majority of their constituent

Delegate model

A model of representation member of Congress law votes in their constituents interest, even if they personally object

Politico model

A model where a member of Congress votes as a delegate on issues important to their constituents, but as a trustee on less important or more complex issues

Franklin privilege

The free mail and electric signature system used by member members of Congress

Standing committee

A permanent committee, either chamber of Congress, usually forcing on a policy area like defense or education

Select committee

A congressional committee created for a specific purpose sometimes to do an investigation

Conference committee

Committee created by the house in Senate to reach a compromise when each chamber passes a different versions of the same bill

Writ of Ceritotari

Orders the court to hear the Case

Amicus Curiea

Argument filed by person not involved in lawsuit

Judicial activism

Supreme Court should make a bold new policy with their decisions

Judicial restraint

Judges should decide cases based on language of Constitution

Original intent

Making judicial choices, by what the founding father said in the Constitution

Stare desicis

When a court follows president, letting a previous decision stand

Judicial review

Power to overturn law, or action as unconstitutional

Selective Incorporation

The process by which the Bill of Rights has been applied to the states on a case by case basis through the 14th amendment

Civil liberties

The right of people to be protected from government abuse according to Bill of Rights

slander(Ilberal)

spoken false statements that damage a person’s reputation

civil rights

rights that guarantee individuals freedom from discrimination according to the 14th amendment

Affirmative action

And action designed to overcome the effects of discrimination

Establishment clause

The first amendment span on laws establishing or favoring a religion

Free exercise clause

First amendment clause, that states the government cannot prohibit the practice of religion

due process

the right that forbids the government from denying life, liberty or property without legal process a fair trials executive as stated in the fifth and 14th amendments

Equal protection clause

14th amendment clause, that forbid states from denying equal protection of law is denying discrimination

Exclusionary rule

The idea establishing map the Ohio that evidence is legally obtained cannot be used in trial