Cytology

Cytology

Study of cells

Gradient

Difference between one area and another area movement of compounds from high to low

Phospholipids

Water loving and has a charge Co2, O2, steroid hormones, lipid soluble drugs

Proteins (Plasma)

Form Ion channels: passive (open), gated (Closed), function as enzymes, link cells together

Cholesterol

Stabilizes Plasma Membrane

Glycocalyx

Glycol proteins & glycolipids (Proteins Lipids with sugar group attached to)

Microvilli

Tiny projections of thew plasma membrane folds and increase surface area

Cell Junctions

3 types of junction

Desmosome

Adjacent cells don’t touch but linked by proteins (skin cells)

Tight Junction

Membrane proteins fuse = impermeable (intestinal cells)

Gap Junction

Channels Between adjacent cells = allows for passage of ions and molecules

Passive Transport

No ATP is used to move compounds across the membrane, compounds move down a gradient movement from high to low

Active Transport

Requires energy = ATP

Simple Diffusion

Molecule pass through phospholipid molecules small and nonpolar solutes do this, depends on gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

Small charged/nonpolar solutes move this wave, requires Ion channels

Osmosis

Passive movement of water through semipermeable membrane, occurs when concentration difference between water solutions

Tonicity

Ability of solution to change volume/pressure of cell by osmosis like Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic

Istonic Solution

Both cytosol and solution have same relative concentration of solutes solution goes inside and outside of the cell

Hypotonic Solution

Solution with lower concentration, higher concentration of water than cell, water moves down concentration gradient from outside to inside

Hypertonic Solution

Solution with higher concentration, of solutes than cytosol, water moves down concentration gradient from inside to outside of cell

Solute Pumping

(Active Transport Mechanism) Compounds move against a gradient and carrier molecule (Na+/ K+ pump)

Exocytosis

Compounds exit the cell wrapped in a vesicle that fuses to the Plasma membrane releasing its contents

Endocytosis

Compounds enter the cell in a vesicle, 3 types of

Phagocytosis

Cell eating (Meurophages)

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking (Most cells)

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Cell gets what it needs (RME)

Cytoplasm

Located within the plasma membrane around the nucleus

Cytosol

Jello-like substance containing dissolved compounds

Cytoskeleton

Systems of proteins that support organelles, facilitates cel movement maintains cell shape

Microfilaments

(Cytoskeleton Proteins) Cell movement includes muscle contraction (Myosin, Actin)

Intermediate Filaments

(Cytoskeleton Proteins) Helps with strength

Microtubules

Part of of mitotic spindke support movement and cell shape of organelles

Mitochondria

ATP production, aerobic respiration, Kreb’s cycle and electron Transport chain occur here

Ribosomes

Protein Synthesis, made of protein and ribosomal RNA, either attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasm

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Modifies and folds and packages proteins attached to ribosomes, proteins are exported/become part of plasma membrane

Golgi Apparatus

Receives proteins from RER then sorts, modifies, repackages, and exports them, produces digestive enzymes used in Lysosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lipid protection and breakdown (Cholesterol and other steroids are produced here)

Lysosomes

Destroy Pathogens & damaged organelles, sac of digestive enzymes, very low O2/Vitamin A weakens Lysosome membrane

Peroxisomes

Use O2 to neutralize toxins & free radical, sacs of oxidase enzymes

Centrioles

Organize mitotic spindle, form cilia and flagella

Proteasomes

Breakdown of protein that damaged, incorrectly folded, or no longer needed, Protein complex

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, polymer composed of nucleotide double helixes

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, single strained, polymer composed of nucleotides, 3 types

mRNA

(Messenger) copy of gene,

tRNA

(Transfer) Transports a specific amino acid to ribosome

rRNA

(Ribosomal) Part of ribosome structure

Transcription

Copying a gene, mRNA is produced themselves the nucleus and travels to ribosomes

Translation

Ribosomes “read” the mRNA and “translate” its sequence of nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids (Protein)

Metaphase

Phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers forms

Telophase

Nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.

Interphase

A period of time in between mitosis during which a cell grows and copies its DNA, Cell spend most of its time in this phase.

Chromatid

One of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Spinder Fibers

Helps move chromosomes around the cell and pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell,

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Centromeres

Areas from which spindle fibers form.

S Phase

Phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus & final product is 2 cells that are exactly like the parent cell

G1 Phase

Cell grows rapidly, build new organelles

G2 Phase

Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes