Intro to World Music Exam 2

Qur'anic Recitation (Egypt)

An Islamic tradition in which the revelations of the prophet Muhammad gathered in the Qur'an are chanted in Arabic; ex 306

Maqam (Egypt)

The system governing pitch and melody in Arab music.

Takht (Egypt)

An Arabic music ensemble including zithers, bowed and plucked lutes, drums, aerophones, and sometimes non-traditional instruments.

Taqism (Egypt)

Solo, instrumental improvisation in maqam-based Arab music, performed either in free rhythm or with rhythmic accompaniment

Baladi (Egypt)

Refer to an Egyptian musical style, the folk style of Egyptian bellydance, or the Masmoudi Sogheir rhythm, which is frequently used in baladi music (more modest)

Sharqi (Egypt)

Type of Egyptian Woman solo dance; “oriental”, professional, entertainment

Belly Dance (Egypt)

a dance originating in the Middle East, typically performed by a woman and involving undulating movements of the belly and rapid gyration of the hips.

Ghawazi (Egypt)

hereditary families of dancers, lineage goes back to early Pharaohs (now the term refers to any professional female dancer in Middle East)

Zar Ritual (Egypt)

ancient healing ritual that can take multiple days; performed by possessed women aided by old mistresses and music

Al-Asaya (Egypt)

dance with stick; rhythm and style stem from an ancient Egyptian martial art (tahtib), fight and sport

Tabla Solo (Egypt)

dance that involves audience participation, dance/visual representation of music

Tropicalia (Brazil)

Turmoil in 1960's, "Cannibalist Manifesto", politicalinfluence, Os Mutantes (ex. 249 and 250)

Tango (Argentina)

influence from several cultures, Carlos Gardel, sexual nature, bandoneon

Andean Folkloric Music (Peru and Bolivia)

structure of society, original julajula music (ex260) and how it was taken back (ex 261)

Mariachi

A Mexican style of music played by ensembles of violins, guitars, and two or more trumpets.

Clave

percussion instrument consisting of a pair of short, wooden sticks about 20-25 centimeters long and about 2.5 centimeters in diameter. Although traditionally made of wood many modern manufacturers offer claves made of fiberglass or plastic. When struck, claves produce a bright, penetrating clicking noise.

Isicathamiya

a capella genre from Zulu people

Akan

a member of a people inhabiting southern Ghana and adjacent parts of Côte d'Ivoire

Dawro

Dawro is a zone in the South West Region of Ethiopia. The name "Dawuro" represents both the land and the people

Fontomfrom

Akan royal drum ensemble featuring several drums and the dawuro iron bell // music used to symbolize power and statue

West African Musical Features

Complex polyphonic textures Layered ostinatos Conversational Element Improvisation Timbral Variety

Jeli

a Mande hereditary professional oral historian and musician; also called a griot

Kora

The kora is a stringed instrument used extensively in West Africa. A kora typically has 21 strings, which are played by plucking with the fingers. It combines features of the lute and harp.

Vedas

sacred chants, tied to spirituality,still used

Hindustani

A term referring to the cultural traditions of North India

Karnatac

Vina (melody), Tambura (drone), Mrdangam (Rhythm)

Similarities and differences between Hindustani and Karnatac music

Similarities: raga as basis of melody, tala as rhythm/meter, related histories and types of instruments

Differences: hindustani has greater influence from Islamic cultures, ragas, talas, and music terminologies are different

Bhangra

contemporary, popular music often used inBollywood films

Raga

3 main elements of Indian Music

melody: mostly vocal (80% of the time), but alsoinstruments (sitar, veena). Includes melodicaccompaniment (i.e. violin)

drone: continuous, sustained tone. (ex. Tambura,Shruti box)

rhythm/percussion: (ex. Mrdangam, tabla)

Gharana

a "musical family" or lineage that preserves, cultivates, and develops a particular tradition of raga performance, often over the course of many generations

Tala

A rhythmic framework and metric cycle in which themusic is grounded

Gamelan

Musical ensemble of Java or Bali, made up of gongs, chimes, metallophones, and drums, among other instruments. // generic Indonesian term for "ensemble"; usedin reference to a diverse class of mainly percussiondominated music ensembles• Played in 5 and 7 tone scales; not standardized

Balinese vs Javanese Gamelan similarities and differences

Drumming style: Bali typically has two drummers, Javaone. Bali is rapid and interlocking, Java issubtle/understated and rarely interlocking• Melodic elaboration: Balinese melodies interlock in acomplex manner, Javanese gamelan play their ownmelody• Interlocking vs Multiple melody: Balinese all bronzeidiophones, Javanese a variety of materials• Rhythmic Approach: Bali is precise and coordinated, Javais looser and avoid playing in "perfect unison"

Gamelan Beleganjur

Balinese processional ensemble consisting of multiple gongs, drums, and cymbals, played in ritualistic contexts and in modern music contests

Interlocking

"Division of a single melodic or rhythmic linebetween two or more instruments/voices"

Paired tuning

Tuning of pitches of "male" and "female"instruments of a Balinese gamelan to slightly different frequencies

Gong cycle

A recurring sequence of gong strokes (usually employing two or more gongs) that provides the musical foundation of a gamelan piece.

Balinese Kecak

Dance-drama performed with vocals• Began with ritual of Sanghyang Dedari, where men wouldinduce a trance of a female spirit medium to summonancestral spirits for protection• The Kecak is actually a modern invention; dramaticproduction for tourist performances

Belaganjur (during a cremation practice)

Plays important role in the battle of good versus evil

Praise songs

Formerly sung to honor royalty exclusively but are now often performed in honor of modern politicians or other patrons wealthy enough to retain a jeli’s services