urinary (pg 5&6)

vascular pole, urinary pole

what are the poles of renal corpuscle?

vascular pole

where the afferent arteriole (where blood enters) and efferent arteriole (blood leaves glomerulus) are found

vascular pole

mainly involved in blood filtration and renal processing

juxtaglomerular apparatus

vascular pole contains what?

macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells

juxtaglomerular apparatus includes what?

macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells

juxtaglomerular apparatus includes what?

urinary pole

Site where the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) begins

urinary pole

Responsible for the initial flew of urine toward the ureters

urinary pole

Contains the tubular structures involved in urine formation

glomerular filtration barrier

Separates blood in glomerular capillaries from Bowman's space

glomerular filtration barrier

Acts as a sieve for glomerular filtration (formation of glomerular filtrate)

glomerular filtration barrier

Allows ultrafiltrate of blood (glomerular filtrate) to pass into Bowman's space

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Located below the macula densa: at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Adjacent to the renal corpuscle, the tunica media of afferent arteriole has modified smooth muscle cells called "juxtaglomerular cells," which produce renin

juxtaglomerular cells

Adjacent to the renal corpuscle, the tunica media of afferent arteriole has modified smooth muscle cells called "????," which produce renin

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule comprise the juxtaglomerular apparatus

juxtaglomerular cells

Found in the wall of the afferent arteriole just before it enters the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

juxtaglomerular cells

Smooth muscle cells of the tunica media are modified into polyhedral JG cells

juxtaglomerular cells

Internal elastic lamina disappears and tunica adventitia becomes thin

macula densa

Segment of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in contact with the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

macula densa

Side of tubule abutting the afferent arteriole

macula densa

In close proximity to JG cells

macula densa

Sensitive to the ionic content and water volume, which may signal jg cells to release renin

macula densa

detection of low blood pressure and volume

raas

Body's response when changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content occur:

raas

Regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis

raas

Monitored by the macula densa in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which signals the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin.

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

what does RAAS stands for

renin release, angiotensinogen conversion, angiotensin 1 activation, effects of angiotensin 2, aldosterone action, antidiuretric hormone role, restoration of homeostasis

enumerate the process of RAAS

proximal convoluted tubule

Longest segment of the nephron which are made up of convoluted and straight portions

proximal convoluted tubule

Direct continuation of Bowman's capsule.

proximal convoluted tubule

Forms the main bulk of the kidney cortex

simple cuboidal

what is the lining of pct and dct?

proximal convoluted tubule

Adapted for reabsorption and secretion of glucose

proximal distal tubule

Large cells with wide lumen

loop of henle

Section of renal tubule between PCT and DCT

loop of henle

U-shaped structure

distal convoluted tubule

Also responsible for the rate of sodium absorption, regulated by aldosterone

distal convoluted tubule

Begins where the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle contacts the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

distal convoluted tubule

Marks the end of the loop of Henle; last segment of the nephron

distal convoluted tubule

Cells in close contact with afferent arteriole become modified, usually become columnar and their nucle closely packed

distal convoluted tubule

Modified segment become darker in color, called "macula densa"

collecting tubule

is a continuation of the DCT

simple cuboidal, columnar

what is the lining of tubules? and what after they mature?

collecting tubule

The collecting duct opens at the apex of the renal pyramid into the lumen of the minor calyx, which connects the nephron to the ureters

principal cells

secrete potassium

intercalated cells

involved in acid-base balance

papillary ducts

Formed by convergence of straight collecting ducts

papillary ducts

Large ducts (100-200 um) located in the renal pyramids

tall columnar epithelium

what is the lining of papillary ducts?

papillary ducts

Terminal portions converge to form the renal papilla (apex of the pyramid), which fits into a minor calyx

papillary ducts

The region on the renal papilla containing openings of papillary ducts is called the "area cribrosa"

transition epithelium

what is the lining of renal pelvis, calyces, ureters, urinary bladder?

tunica muscularis

is made up of anastomosing bundles of smooth muscles that are of varying orientation

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter

renal pelvis

Divides into 2 long branches, the major calyces (calyx), and these in turn have short branches called the minor calyces

urinary bladder

Temporary storage site for urine

urinary bladder

Thick muscular coat (detrusor muscle) made up of 3 layers of smooth muscles

urethra

A muscular tube that carries urine out of the body through the urethral meatus

urethra

Structure and length differ between males and females

18 cm

how long is the urethra in male?

transitional epithelium

what is the lining of prostatic urethra?

prostatic urethra

Traverses prostate gland

prostatic urethra

Receives ducts of prostate and ejaculatory ducts

pseudostratified columnar

what is the lining of membranous urethra?

membranous urethra

Passes through external urethral sphincter

pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous towards the meatus

what is the lining of penile or spongy urethra?

penile urethra

Traverses penis

penile urethra

Contains numerous urethral glands (of Littre)

penile urethra

Receives ducts of bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)

25 to 30 mm

how long is female urethra?

stratified squamous

what is the lining of female urethra?

female urethra

Functions solely as urinary tract