BIOL 251 Unit 3 EXAM

There are BLANK main categories of physical methods for microbial control

THREE

BLANK temperatures often just stop the growth of microbes while BLANK temperatures destroy microbes

Low/cold , High/hot

This type of radiation ejects electrons from molecules

Ionizing

Filtration can be used on what types of surfaces?

Liquids and gasses

This is the absolute best way to destroy a microbe…

Moist, heat, and pressure (ex: Autoclaving)

BLANK are microbes we don’t want in certain places.

Contaminants

BLANK is the process of removing undesirable microbes

Decontamination

BLANK is the term used to describe a microbe’s ability to withstand decontamination

Resistance

BLANK is the removal of some microbes in a given area

Sanitization

BLANK is the destruction of all life in a given area

Sterilization

These are substances that remove microbes from an area but may not destroy them

Degermers

These prevent sterile tissue from becoming invaded with microbes

Antiseptics

BLANK are chemicals that kill everything but spores and are used on non-living structures while BLANK are chemicals that kill everything including endospores and are used on non-living structures

Disinfect , sterilant

What are preservatives used for?

Preventing the growth of microbes in non-living substances

T or F? Antiseptics and disinfectants are basically the same thing

FALSE

These chemicals work to denature proteins and interfere with things like cofactors

Halogens

These chemicals tend to inactivate functional groups

Heavy metals

These work to denature proteins, dmg membranes and dehydrate cells

Alcohols

These inactivates enzymes and dmg cell walls and membranes

Phenols

These act primarily as degermers

Soaps and detergents

These are chemicals that technically kill only bacteria

Antibiotics

When were modern antibiotics first discovered/produced?

Early to mid 1900s

These types of antibiotics work on specific structures of bacteria

Narrow spectrum

These antibiotics interferes with protein synthesis in bacteria but can also cause discoloration of teeth in certain situations

Tetracycline

What are the 5 general ways antibiotics can work to kill bacteria?

• DMG cell walls

• DMG cell membrane

• Interfere with DNA/RNA

• Interfere w/ protein synthesis

• Interfere w/ metabolic pathways

Where did early antibiotics originate from?

2 genera of bacteria and two genera of fungi

How do beta-lactam antibiotics work?

By interfering w/ the cell walls, specifically w/ peptidoglycan linkages

How specifically do sulfa drugs often interfere with bacterial metabolism?

Block folic acid synthesis

This type of antibiotic DMGs cell membranes

Polymyxin

What do the tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, the aminoglycosides and macrolides have in common?

They interfere w/ protein synthesis

These types of antibiotics work on general structures of bacteria

Broad spectrum

These antibiotics work by interfering w/ enzymes involved in DNA replication, especially grade and topoisomerase…

Fluroquinolones

These types of antibiotics work to interfere with metabolic pathways

Sulfa drugs

Which type of antibiotic accounts for about ½ of all antibiotic prescriptions in the US?

Beta-lactams (Specifically penicillins and cephalosporins)

This antibiotic interferes with protein synthesis and might cause fatal anemia

Chloramphenicol

T or F: Antibiotic resistance is not a serious problem

FALSE

T or F: Genes for antibiotic resistance exist naturally in populations of bacteria

TRUE

T or F: Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics because they develop immunity

FALSE

T or F: On avg, we have about 10-15 yrs w/ an antibiotic before we start to see wide-spread resistance develop.

TRUE

What are the 5 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance that bacteria may develop?

• Ability to degrade drug thru new enzymes/altered version of existing enzymes.

• Inhibit uptake of drugs

• Develop drug transport pumps

• Alter binding sites of drugs

• Change their metabolic pathways

These work primarily by damaging ergosterol

Antifungals

These types of antimicrobials are designed to work at very high concentrations

Antiprrotozals

These work by stopping a stage in replication of the microbes

Antivirals

These work by inhibiting microtubule function and glucose use in the target pathogen

Antihelminthics

T or F: The terms “antibiotic” and “antimicrobial” are always interchangeable

FALSE

What are the steps in the complement cascade?

Initiation, amplification, polymerization, membrane attack

What is the name of the protein class used to fight viral infections?

Interferon

What are the stages of phagocytosis?

-Chemotaxis

-binding and ingestion

-phagolysome Formation

-destruction and elimination

What are the main types and subtypes of barriers?

Physical: skin, cell shape, lack of receptors

Chemical: skin, lysozyme, defensins

What are pyrogens?

Substances that cause our body to temporarily reset our core temp and make us run fevers

When is the first time the adaptive immune response can be activated?

During the second exposure of a particular microbe

BLANK are usually proteins found on the surface of microbes that provoke an immune response

Antigens

What are 5 classes of antibodies?

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgG

What are 2 types of white blood cells that are critical in the development of the adaptive immune response

B and T

List the 4 types of adaptive immunity

Natural active, natural passive, artificial active, artificial passive

What is the basic principle of vaccination

Exposure to the antigenic, not pathogenic part of a microbe

This type of vaccine is based just on the toxin a microbe produces

Toxoid

What are the 3 things the vaccine schedule is based on?

Development stages of the child, readiness of the immune system, decreasing maternal immunity

What are the 5 types of vaccines we use now?

• Live attenuated

• Killed whole cell,

• Subunit

• Toxoid

• mRNA

T or F? mRNA vaccines work by making the virus DNA get inserted into your DNA

False

A general term used to describe a drug that kills microbes

ANTIMICROBIAL

A type of drug that is designed to work in high concentrations

ANTIPROTOZOALS

A large category of antibiotics that work to stop protein synthesis

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Drugs that work to interfere with DNA/ RNA stability/replicaiton

QUINOLONES

An antibiotic that works to kill a large type of bacteria

BROADSPECTRUM

A class of antibiotics that make affect bone and tooth development

TETRACYCLINES

A major threat to health, safety, and national security

ANTIBIOTICRESISTANCE

The technical term for a drug that kills bacteria

ANTIBIOTIC

A drug that works on cell walls

CEPHALOSPORIN

Drugs that work on ergosterol

ANTIFUNGALS

Drugs that inhibit microtubule function among other things

ANTIHELMINTHICS

A type of antibiotic that works on cell membranes

POLYMYXIN

The type of immunity that develops and changes over time

ADAPTIVE

The general term used to describe our body’s ability to respond to microbes and other dangerous substances

IMMUNITY

The antibody produced first in response to a microbe

IGM

The antibody produced in response to allergic reactions or worms

IGE

A protein our body makes that has the purpose of attaching to a microbe or toxin

ANTIBODY

A chemical that breaks down peptidoglycan

LYSOZYME

Chemicals that stop viral reproduction

INTERFERONS

The type of immunity we are born with and is a general response

INNATE

A substance that stimulates an immune response

ANTIGEN

The antibody that gives long lasting protection from certain antigens

IGG

The process used by certain cells in our body to engulf and destroy invaders

PHAGOCYTOSIS

The antibody found in mucous membranes

IGA

A chemical that stimulates a rise in body temperature

PYROGEN

A chemical that breaks down cell membranes

DEFENSIN

A chemical used on living things that removes microbes and/or debris

DEGERMER

A class of chemicals that interferes with proteins and cofactors

HALOGENS

A class of chemical that damages membranes, denatures proteins, and dehydrates cells

ALCOHOLS

A chemical used on non-living things that does not kill spores

DISINFECTANT

The process of removing undesirable microbes

DECONTAMINATION

The process of destroying all viable microbes

STERILIZATION

The ability of a microbe to withstand our efforts at decontamination

RESISTANCE

A chemical that inhibits the growth of microbes

PRESERVATIVE

Any microbe we don’t want in a certain place

CONTAMINANT

The most effective method for sterilization

MOISTHEAT

A physical method of control that moves or ejects electrons from atoms

RADIATION

Any process that reduces the number of microbes but does not necessarily eliminate all of them

SANITIZATION

Filtration may remove microbes but generally does not remove these

TOXINS

A vaccine based on a weakened microbe

ATTENUATED