PSYC 3251 Exam 3 (Lecture 10: Cortex)
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50 Terms
How many layers does the neocortex have?
6 layers
What are the 3 types of cortical organization?
Horizontal (layers), Vertical (columns), Regional (structure + function)
What is horizontal organization?
The 6-layer structure of the cortex
What is vertical organization?
Minicolumns of neurons with similar function
What are minicolumns?
Groups of neurons spanning layers with similar receptive fields
What defines regional organization?
Gyri/sulci (structure) + functional areas (like Brodmann areas)
Which layer receives input from the thalamus?
Layer 4
Which layer sends output to spinal cord/brainstem?
Layer 5
Which layer sends output back to the thalamus?
Layer 6
Which layers communicate with other cortical areas?
Layers 2/3
What is Layer 1 mainly composed of?
Dendrites and very few neurons
What is the correct flow of cortical processing?
Thalamus → Layer 4 → Layer 2/3 → Layer 5 & 6
What shape are pyramidal cells?
Triangle-shaped
What neurotransmitter do pyramidal cells use?
Glutamate (excitatory)
What is the main function of pyramidal cells?
Output from cortex
What shape are stellate (granular) cells?
Star-shaped
What is the main function of stellate cells?
Receive input (especially in Layer 4)
What neurotransmitter do inhibitory interneurons use?
GABA
What is the role of interneurons?
Local inhibition/control
What does the corpus callosum do?
Connects left and right hemispheres
What does the anterior commissure connect?
Temporal lobes, amygdala, olfactory areas
What is the massa intermedia?
Connection between the two thalami
What is the internal capsule?
Two-way pathway (sensory up, motor down)
What do cerebral peduncles do?
Connect cortex to brainstem
What is the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract?
Motor pathway for voluntary movement
What does the frontal lobe control?
Motor function and speech (Broca’s area)
What is the precentral gyrus?
Primary motor cortex
What does the parietal lobe control?
Somatosensory processing
What is the postcentral gyrus?
Primary somatosensory cortex
What does the occipital lobe control?
Vision
What does the temporal lobe control?
Hearing and face recognition
Where is the fusiform gyrus?
Temporal lobe
What does the central sulcus separate?
Frontal and parietal lobes
What does the lateral sulcus separate?
Temporal lobe from frontal/parietal
What does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?
Parietal and occipital lobes
What are Brodmann areas based on?
Cell structure (cytoarchitecture)
Which Brodmann areas are Broca’s area?
44 and 45
Which Brodmann area is Wernicke’s area?
22
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Cannot speak, but understands language
Where is Broca’s area located?
Inferior frontal gyrus
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
Cannot understand language, but speech is fluent
Where is Wernicke’s area located?
Temporal Lobe
What is prosopagnosia?
Inability to recognize faces
What brain area is damaged in prosopagnosia?
Fusiform gyrus (Brodmann 37)
What is a stroke (CVA)?
Loss of blood flow causing brain damage
What is Layer 4 like in sensory cortex?
Large (more input)
What is Layer 5 like in motor cortex?
Large (more output)
What are association cortices like?
Even layering
What is the left hemisphere specialized for?
Language, logic, sequential processing
What is the right hemisphere specialized for?
Emotion, tone of speech, spatial processing