exam 3

1. What is a benign tumor

non-cancerous, does not spread and is not cancer but can become malignant in some causes

2. A tumor that spreads with uncontrollable growth is said to be:

malignant

3. When testing for ovarian cancer, Abby’s level of CA-125 is:

> 500

4. The use of taxol to treat ovarian cancer is an example of cancer treatment:

chemotherapy

5. When cancer cells are transported through the circulatory and lymphatic system to different parts of the body, cancer is said to be:

metastasis

6. BRCA1 and BRCA2 function:

repair damagd DNA in cells

7. What is the function of the P53
   protein?

stops the cell cyce and gives cell time to repair itself

8. When a patient that had cancer has been cancer free for 10 years, they are said to be

in remission

1.How does it differ from a epidemic differ from a pandemic?

epedemic = rapid spread of a disease through limited geographical area in a relatively short amount of time

pandemic = a type of epidemic that is spreading rapidly in multiple regions throughout the world

2. What is the species of virus that causes the Covid-19 disease?

3. The animal from which the Covid-19 virus originated is believed to be:

bat

4. The likelihood of dying after becoming infected with Covid-19 increases:

5. About _____% of the American public believe powerful people have probably caused the Covid-19 disease to occur.

25

6. Pfister and Moderna vaccines being used to treat Covid-19 targets the ___________ of the virus.

protein spikes

7. Inactivated vaccines utilize:

dead virus that causes the disease

8. In order to deal with the
   continuing mutating Covid-19 virus, the FDA is planning to

recommend new vaccines that are specific to new strains

1. The protist that is most closely related to animals is:

choanoflagellates

2. The animal phylum that is most
   different from all other animal phyla is:

sponges or mollusks

3. Animals that are invertebrates lack the following trait:

a spine/vertebra

4. Cephalization led to the evolution of the:

head

5. Crabs, insects and leeches belong to the following phylum:

arthropods

6. How do the eggs of amphibians differ from those of reptiles?

amphibean eggs dont have shell

7. Birds are most closely related to the following group of organisms:

reptiles

8. The first hominin species to
   leave Africa was:

homo rectus

1. Invasive species are mostly introduced into an area where they are not native by:

accidental or deliberate dispersal by humans across natural barriers and long distances

2. Invasive species are successful when introduced into a new area because:

free of predators, competitors, diseases ad parasites that limited their populations in natural habitat—explits resources in novel ways (more resources for growth and reproduction) often outcompeting and replacing native species

3. Biocontrol of rabbits using viruses, twice, in Australia were initially successful, but population increased
   again because:

they developed immunity to disease

4. A naturalized species is one that has:

an alien species that has established itself and becomes a self-perpetuating population, then becomes widely dispersed and icorporated into native species

5. A fungal disease of amphibians called ___________ has caused a severe decline in amphibian populations.

batrachochytrium dendrobatidus/chytrdiomycosis

6. Why is Hawai‘i particularly at risk from biological invaders?

alien plants compete with native plants for resources, ecosystem changes over time as alien populations take over, native population displaced, as alien population become larger they take over larger areas of island

7. How are alien species introduced to areas where they are not native?

about 10 million tourists, 80% of consumed goods provvides many opportunities for introductions, many invasive species imported as garden plants that escaped

8. How are marine invasive species dispersed throughout the world

global movement of organisms associated with ocean-going vessels and commerical fisheries

Which of the main Hawaiian
Islands is the second oldest
island?

ni’ihau

Most of the ancestors of native
Hawaiian plants arrived here by:

water, wind, wing

The arrival of ancestors of native
Hawaiian birds was believed to
have occurred about____MYA.

6-7

Species native to Hawai‘i and
found nowhere else are said to be:

endemic

The rate of immigration of the Hawaiian
biota was slow, occurring from one to
every _____thousand to one every ______
million years.

1 every 110 thousand; 1 every 30 million

The reason for the high incidents of
adaptive radiation in Hawai‘i is:

large range of environmental diversity: temp, soil, moisture—led to great diversity

What is the number one cause of
species extinction in most island
states?

invasive species

Hawai‘i only makes up 0.2% of land
mass in the United States, but it has
the highest extinction rate, with a loss
of _____% of its native species

73

The Hawaiians were the first humans to settle in Hawaii about  __________years ago.

2000

2. The Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated chain in the world, located in the middle of the Pacific, and is more than _____________ away from the nearest continent.

2000

3. Why did the Polynesians only settle on the lowlands and not the highlands?

there was little to eat in highlands and ppl believe spirits dwelled in lowlands

4. After Europeans made their discovery of Hawaii, they would cause as much damage to Hawaii in 200 years as the Polynesians had in______centuries.

20

5. Species extinction in Hawaiʻi has been described as:

bad?

6. Of all the scourges of animals that have been brought to Hawaii, the worst is: 

The feral pig

7. Sooty Tern Chicks in the French Frigate Shoals, of the North Western Hawaiian Islands can be preyed upon by:

Frigate birds

8. The federal agency that is tasked with protecting the wildlife of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands is:

the U.S. fish and wildlife service

The following was believed to
be the cause of disease until
the 19th century:

miasma: noxious odor from rotting organic matter

Koch’s Postulate is utilized in:

determining relationship of specific diseases to specific bacteria

The antibiotic penicillin was
discovered by:

Alexander Fleming in 1928

The cause of type 2 diabetes is:

body develops resistance to insulin or not enough insulin is produced to lower blood sugar

A vaccine for the “common
cold: cannot be created
because:

there are more than 100 rhinnoviruses, cannot create vaccines against all viruses due to rapid mutation

When the proto-oncogene
mutates to a oncogene, the
following will occur:

1. a mutation in a growth factor gene can produce a protein that promotes unnecessary cell division

2. a mutation that deactivates a tumor suppressor gene may resut in uncontrolled growth

When cancer has become
metastasized:

the cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body

A tumor that is benign means
that:

it is not cancerous, can be surgically removed, doesn’t return, does not spread to other tissues

The first line of defense of the human body is:

External Defenses

Antibodies are proteins formed by the immune system in response
to foreign cells called:

antigen

The function of Natural killer cells is attacking:

abnormal human cells i.e. virus infected cells, cancerous cells and cells without proper recognition sites

When there is a break in your skin and bleeding occurs, clotting will
occur due to the following type of Memory cells will produce a more
_______ response from a second exposure to a disease.blood cell:

Memory cells will produce a more _______ response from a second
exposure to a disease.

mild

An autoimmune disease is one where:

diseases when anti-self cells attack body’s own healthy cells such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis

The most desirable means of treating viral diseases is:

vaccine

Vaccines have almost totally eradicated the following viral disease:

smallpox