chem modern atomic theory review

heisenburg uncertainty principle

cannot know precisely both the position and velocity of an electron at the same time

orbital

region of space where there is 90% probability of finding an electron

aufbau principle

electrons occupy the least energy orbital available

pauli exclusion principle

maximum of 2 electrons per orbital and different spins (arrow up, arrow down)

hund’s rule

within sublevel place are electrons per orbital before pairing

what is the maximum number of electrons allowed in an orbital

2

atomic radius trend

increase down a group, decrease across a period

ionic radius

increase down a group, decrease across a period

first ionization energy

decrease down a group, increase across a period

electronegativity

decrease down a group, increase across a period

ionization energy

the energy required to remove an electron from an atom of an element in the gaseous state

electronegativity

the relative ability of an element’s atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond

radiowaves

the form of EMR that has the least energy per photon

red

color of visible light that has the least amount of energy per photon

block s

1 orbital, 2 max electrons

block d

5 orbitals, 10 max electrons

block p

3 orbitals, 6 max electrons

block f

7 orbitals, 14 max electrons

chromium exception rule

4s1, 3d5

copper exception rule

4s1, 3d10

isoelectronic series

a series of atoms/ions containing the same number

resonance

a condition that occurs when more or one valid lewis structure can be written for a molecular ion