Unit 7: Infectious Disease Overview & STI

What’s natural (innate) immunity?

Present at birth, Immediate response, Non-specific defense & no memory

What’s Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity?

Develops after exposure or vaccination, specific to pathogen & has immune memory

What’s Active immunity ?

infection or vaccination (body produces antibodies)

What’s Passive immunity?

antibodies from external source (maternal or immunoglobulin therapy)

What’s pathogenecity?

Ability of organism to cause disease

What’s virulence?

Severity of disease caused by the organism

What’t Prodrome?

Early stage of illness with non-specific symptoms before full disease develops

Airborne tramission includes…

droplet and spore transmission (TB & Anthrax)

What’s vertical transmission?

Transmission of an infection from parent to offspring, typically from mother to baby.

What’s Horizontal Transmission?

Transmission of an infection between individuals of the same generation (person-to-person, not parent to child).

What an example of Environmental Changes Increasing Risk of Infection?

college droms and military barracks

What vaccination is important for populations of college dorms and military barracks?

Meningitis vaccination important for freshmen and new military recruits

What are Iatrogenic Factors?

Healthcare-related infections caused by medical treatment or procedures

What are some strategies to interrupt chain of trasnmission?

• Strengthening host resistance

• Isolating/quarantining the host

• Weakening the agent

• Manipulation of the environment

What are the main reportable STIs?

Syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia

What are the effects of congenital syphilis?

serious outcome that can cause infant death/stillbirth

What are some important trends for STIs?

• Gonorrhea decreasing

• Syphilis is slightly increasing but slowing

• Chlamydia relatively stable

How does epidemiology theory underpins STI care?

• Natural history of disease

• Host–agent–environment model

• Levels of prevention

What’s the Natural History of Disease?

Disease progression over time without intervention or treatment

What prepathogenesis?

Risk factors present, no disease yet

• Primary prevention (vaccination, lifestyle changes)

What’s the Subclinical Stage?

Pathologic changes begins & no symptoms

• Secondary prevention (screening, early detection)

What’s the clinical stage?

Signs and symptoms present, diagnosis made & Treatment initiated

What’s the resolution stage?

Recovery, chronic illness, disability or death

What are the 5 P’s in relation to Risk-Reduction Counseling?

partner’s, prevention of pregnancy, protection from STDs, practices (barrier use) and past history (STDs of self or partner)

What’s illness expedited partner treatment?

if partner has been exposed to STD of patient they can receive treatment

When STIs occur, they are a chain so we…

screen for other STIs including HIV

What are examples of bloodborne STD?

HIV, Hepatitis B/C & Syphilis

What are STDs Characterized by Cervicitis / Urethritis?

Chlamydia (CT) & Gonorrhea (GC)

• asymptomatic

What are Viral Dermatologic STDs?

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) & Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

• both lesions (HSV painful & HPV not painful)

Syphillis can be spread through blood, but also…

skin contact in the primary stage (chancre- sore) and secondary stage (rash or condyloma lata)

What are the primary prevention for STD?

• Abstaining from vaginal, oral, or anal sex (only way to completely avoid STIs)

• Vaccination (hepatitis B, HPV)

• Reducing number of sex partners

• Being in mutually monogamous relationship with tested partner

• Using condoms correctly every time

What are the secondary prevention for STD?

• Regular testing

• Screening of patient and partner

• Early detection and treatment

What are the tertiary prevention for STD?

• Managing and reducing complications of STIs

• Preventing long-term effects after infection occurs

How is syphilis treated?

2 doses of 1.2 million units of Benzathine penicillin G (IM)

• 2.4 million units in total

Why do you get 2 divided does of Benzathine penicillin G (IM) to treat syphillis?

Each site absorbs only half dose due to thick medication

For syphillis treamtnet, what do we observe for Benzathine penicillin G (IM)?

Observe for anaphylaxis for 20 minutes before patient leaves clinic AND Jarisch-Herxheimer (Herxheimer) reaction

What’s the Jarisch-Herxheimer (Herxheimer) reaction?

just like flu S&S (Fever, Headache, Malaise & Rash), which occurs within 24 hours after treatment d/t antigen release from dying organisms

What’s surveillance?

Routine collection, analysis, and dissemination of data relevant to prevention and control of public health problems

What’s the MMWR?

Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report which publishes surveillance data and public health reports