History 1110 European History

Protestant Reformation

A movement that began in the early 16th century, challenging the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, led primarily by Martin Luther.

Pop-Ass

A depiction in a 1523 pamphlet by Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon, symbolizing the corrupt leadership of the Pope in the Christian Church.

Indulgences

Payments made to the Church for the reduction of time in purgatory, criticized by Martin Luther as a form of corruption.

Priesthood of All Believers

A doctrine introduced by Martin Luther stating that every Christian can communicate directly with God, without the need for a priest.

Excommunication

A decree issued by the Pope in 1521 declaring Martin Luther as no longer a Christian, leading to his public act of burning the papal decree.

Renaissance

A cultural and intellectual revival in Europe, beginning in Italy in the 14th century, marked by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy.

Filippo Brunelleschi

An architect credited with designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, often considered to have sparked the Renaissance.

Geocentric Model

The historical astronomical model that placed Earth at the center of the universe, which was challenged by Nicholas Copernicus.

Heliocentric Model

The astronomical model proposed by Copernicus that placed the Sun at the center of the universe, with planets, including Earth, revolving around it.

Scientific Revolution

A gradual shift from medieval scientific thought to modern science, beginning with ideas like those proposed by Copernicus.

Alchemy

An early practice that combined elements of chemistry and magic, aimed at transforming substances and discovering the Philosopher's Stone.

Galileo Galilei

An astronomer who improved the telescope, supported heliocentrism, and faced trial for heresy due to his scientific views.

Medici Family

Wealthy patrons in Florence who supported artists, architects, and intellectuals during the Renaissance.

95 Theses

A list of criticisms written by Martin Luther in 1517, primarily focusing on the sale of indulgences, which sparked widespread debate and reform.

Renaissance Art

Art characterized by realism and the use of techniques like linear perspective, as seen in works by artists like Leonardo da Vinci.

Nicholas Copernicus (1473–1543)

An astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model, marking a significant shift in astronomical thinking during the Renaissance.

Isaac Newton

A key figure in the Scientific Revolution, known for his contributions to physics and mathematics, who also showed interest in alchemy.

Galileo's Inquisition and Trial

The 1633 event where Galileo was tried by the Church for heresy, leading to his house arrest for supporting heliocentrism.

Myth of Nicholas Flamel

Flamel, a French manuscript-seller, became famous posthumously as an alleged alchemist and creator of the Philosopher's Stone, a fictional account popularized in later culture.