Chemical Reactions and Moles Lecture Review

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the fundamental concepts of chemical reactions, types of reactions, replacement rules, solubility, and the concept of the mole as discussed in the lecture notes.

Chemical reaction

The process by which atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different substances.

Chemical change

Another term for a chemical reaction.

Indicators of a chemical reaction

Temperature change (warmer or cooler), light given off, color change, odor given off, gas bubbles, and the formation of a solid (precipitate).

Reaction symbol: +

Represents "combines with", "and", or "in the presence of" when writing chemical reactions.

Reaction symbol: →

Represents "yields", "forms", or "produces" when writing chemical reactions.

(s)

The symbol used to represent a substance in the solid state.

(l)

The symbol used to represent a substance in the liquid state.

(g)

The symbol used to represent a substance in the gas state.

(aq)

The symbol used to represent a substance in an aqueous state.

Coefficients

Whole numbers written in front of element symbols or chemical formulas used to balance chemical equations and ensure all matter is accounted for.

Synthesis reactions

Reactions where two or more elements or compounds combine to form one new compound, identified by having only one product.

Generic synthesis equation

$$A + B \rightarrow AB$$

Decomposition reactions

Reactions where a single compound breaks down into two or more elements and/or compounds, identified by having only one reactant.

Generic decomposition equation

$$AB \rightarrow A + B$$

Combustion reactions

A reaction where an element or compound is burned in the presence of oxygen, resulting in products that are always $CO_2$ and $H_2O$.

Generic combustion equation

$$C_xH_y + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O$$

Single replacement reactions

A reaction where a single element replaces one element in a compound, identified by having both one element and one compound as reactants and products.

Generic single replacement equation

$$A + BX \rightarrow AX + B$$

Single replacement Rule #1

A single element will replace the similar element in a compound; specifically, a metal replaces a metal or a halogen replaces a halogen.

Activity series

The resource used to determine if a single metal is more "active" and Can replace another metal in a single replacement reaction.

Group 7

The section of the periodic table used as a resource for determining the reactivity of halogens in single replacement reactions.

Double replacement reactions

Reactions where two metals (cations) from two different compounds switch places, forming two new compounds.

Generic double replacement equation

$$AX + BY \rightarrow AY + BX$$

Double replacement Rule #2

At least one product must be a precipitate, water ($H_2O$), or a gas.

Always soluble compounds

Compounds containing Group 1 cations, ammonium ($NH_4^{1+}$), or nitrate ($NO_3^{1-}$).

Always insoluble compounds

Compounds containing mercury, lead, or silver cations, as well as compounds containing hydroxide ($OH^{1-}$), carbonate ($CO_3^{2-}$), or phosphate ($PO_4^{3-}$).

Six common gases

$H_2$, $O_2$, $N_2$, $CO_2$, $SO_2$, and $H_2S$.

Mole

A fixed quantity representing $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ small particles such as atoms, molecules, or ions.

Avogadro's number

Another term for the quantity represented by a mole, equal to $6.02 \times 10^{23}$.

Molar mass

The mass of one mole of atoms of any element, which is equal to its atomic mass in grams.

Grams/mole ($g/mol$)

The standard units used for molar mass.