C1 States of matter

Solids

fixed volume, Tightly packed, regular arrangement -> lattice. Vibrate in place, don't move freely

Liquids

Close together, slight separation, irregular arrangement, slide past each other

Gases

Spread apart, totally irregular arrangement, very far apart move rapidly and collide with container walls

Melting

the process of change from a solid to a liquid. Particle absord heat and kinetic energy increases. The dchange happens at M.P

Boilling

The process of change from liquid to gas as particles' kinetic energy increases and the liquid changes rapidly gas molecules escape the body of water.

Condensing

Gas to liquid, particle lose energy, occur in arange of temperature

Freezing

liquid to solid happens at F.P

Evaporation

turns liquid to gas, occurs in the surface of liquids, change of stae from liquid to vapour under B.P

Affect of temperature on volume of gas

When temperature increases particles move faster they collide with the container wall pushing it as a result volume of gas increase

Affect of pressure on gas volume

Pressure increase gas takes up less space volume decrease

Kinetic particle theory

Overview:

+Matters are made up of particles

+Particle mare moving al the time, movement and arrangement are diffrent for 3 types of matter.

+The more gas particles collide with the container walls the more pressure

Heating curve

A heating curve is a graph that shows the temp against the change states 📈

Heating curve Phase 1

A the temp rises, particles gain more energy, overcoming the force of attraction between particles 🌡️

Heating curve Phase 2 (Melting)

The line becomes flat, aka MP, where the change of state happens (melting) ➖

Heating curve Phase 3

Once the solid melted and turned into a liquid temperature increase again, as energy increase further and the force of atratction is broken again 💧

Heating curve Phase 4 (Boiling)

The line becomes a plateu as liquid boils the atraction between liquid particles is being broken and the change of state happens (AKA B.P / boiling) ♨️

Heating curve Phase 5

The temp increase again when liquid became gas ☁️

Cooling curve Phase 1

At this part the substance is in a gaseous state, but the tem decreases as energy is lost 📉

Cooling curve Phase 2 (Condensation)

The line of plateau indicates change of state as new bonds formed between gas particles, turning them into liquid through condensation (condensation point) 🌧️

Cooling curve Phase 3

As the temperature decreases further liquid particles formed new bonds 💧

Cooling curve Phase 4 (Freezing)

The line becomes horizontal freezing point is reached and changes of state happens (AKA freezing point / freezing) 🧊

Cooling curve Phase 5

Tempearature further decreases as the solid loses more heat ❄️

Affect impure substance on heating curve

+ Melting point is lower than pure -> disrupt solid structure

+ Boilling point increases -> harder to provide energy for the substance as impure block the way

Diffusion

The process in which particles move from higher conc. To lower conc. As a result of random motion of the particles 🌬️

Diffusion in liquid

+ Particles is broken down in the liquid + Particles move randomly and move from higher concentration to lower concentration + Particles collide with each other making the particles move in a random motion + Particles stop diffusing when an equilibrium happens 🍵

Diffusion of gases (Image Details)

Liquid bromine is highly volatile. Gases diffuse to fill all the space available to them. Atoms or molecules in gases move at high speeds and they collide with each other. Frequent collision slow down the overall rate of diffusion. 💨

Mass and Diffusion (Image Details)

Particles of gases travel at different speeds. 2 pieces of cotton wool soaked, one in ammonia solution and one in hydrochloric acid. Ammonia particles and hydrogen chloride diffuse along the tube. White rings forms when the chemical reaction takes place at the side where the gas has more mass as ammonium travel faster

Movement and arrangement change of water particles 10 degrees celcius -> -10 degrees celcius

Water partcles starts as a liquid the particles in water are touching close together with irregular arrangement and sliding onto each other as the water is cooled to -10 degrees celcius the water particles is arranged regularly and the particles vibrate in position