ATI TEAS

Cranial cavity

Center for nervous system operations

Thoracic cavity

Central hub for respiratory and cardiovascular system

Spinal cavity

Pathway for neural communications

Pelvic cavity

Houses repro organ, parts of the digestive and urinary system

What does inferior

Lower half of body

Superior

Upper half of body

Posterior/dorsal

Back side of body

Anterior/ventral

Front side of body AKA NIPPLES

Proximal

Closer to the structure

Ex) the patella is proximal to the ankle because the patella is closer to the main body

Distal

Farther away from structure

Ex) fingers are distal to the chest because the chest is closer to the structure of the body

Medial

Closer to the middle of the body

Ex) sternum is medial to the ribcage

Lateral

Further away from midline of body

Ex) the rib cage is lateral to the sternum (breastbone)

Superficial

closer to the skin

Saggital plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves

Coronal (frontal) plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior halves

(Front and back)

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides body into superior and inferior halves (top of body and bottom of body)

The maintenance of normal blood sugar is what type of feedback mechanism

Negative feedback

Define negative feedback mechanism

Counteracts change to main homeostasis

When blood sugar levels rise, pancreas secretes insulin to promote uptake of glucose into cells. =DECREASE in blood sugar levels

When blood sugar levels are low, pancreas secretes glucagon to promote the release of glucose from stored glycogen in liver. =INCREASE in blood sugar levels

What part of the body can increase and decrease blood sugar levels to maintain homeostasis?

Pancreas

What does the pancreas release when your body senses that your blood sugar levels are too high

Insulin to promote uptake of glucose into cells

This will decrease ur blood sugar levels

What does the pancreas release when your body senses that your blood sugar levels are too low

glucagon from stored glycogen in the liver. Will bring back your blood sugar levels

What is homeostasis

Balance in body

Atria

Upper chambers of heart that receives blood

Ventricles

Left and right lower halves of heart . Blood pumped OUT to rest of body

Valves

Connects the four chambers

Ensures one way flow of blood

PREVENTS BACKFLOW

Tricuspid valve

A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium into the right ventricle

• resembles mitral valve

• Consists of the triangular membranous flaps

Pulmonary valve

The exit door from the right ventricle

• leads blood onto a pathway through pulmonary artery to the lungs where they pick up oxygen

aortic valve

Where blood is propelled to aorta, the main highway to distribute oxygen to the rest of body

The process of blood flow through the heart

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior vena cava (upper body) and inferior vena cava (lower body).
It goes into the right atrium → through the tricuspid valve → into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle contracts and pushes blood through the pulmonary valve → into the pulmonary arteries → to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated.

Oxygenated blood returns through the pulmonary veins → into the left atrium.
It flows through the bicuspid (mitral) valve → into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve → into the aorta → to the rest of the body.

How does blood flows step from heart to body in order

Body → Super vena cava / inferior vena cava → right atrium → Tricuspid valve → right ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → left atrium → Bicuspid (Mitral) → left ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body

Define blood grouping

Determines blood type

Blood group A can ACCEPT blood FROM?

A or O

Blood group A can DONATE to what

A and AB

Blood group B can ACCEPT blood FROM?

B and O

Blood group B can DONATE to?

B and AB

Blood group AB can DONATE blood to?

AB

Blood group AB can ACCEPT blood FROM?

A,B, AB, O

(ALL)

Blood group O can ACCEPT blood FROM?

O

Blood group O can DONATE blood to?

A, AB, B, O

(All)

Which blood group is universal DONOR

O

Which blood group is universal accepter

AB

Function of blood

Transportation , regulation, protection

Homeostasis

Process where organisms maintain a stable environment

What happens after platelets aggregate at a damaged blood vessel site

Platelets stick together and form a platelet plug

Respiratory system

Process of gas exchange o2 in co2 out

Includes TRACHEA TRUNK

BRONCHI (two big branches)

Bronchioles (branch ends)

Alveoli (leaves of the tree)

Upper respiratory tract

Gateway into respiratory system

Includes:

Nasal cavity (Has hair/mucus)

Pharynx

Larynx

Function of nasal cavity

Has hair and mucus to filter air and attack dust

Function of pharynx

Shared chamber for food and air

• also directs air down the right path

Function of larynx

Voice box and prevents food from entering respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

Where gas exchange occurs

• trachea

• Bronchi/bronchioles

Alveoli

Function of trachea

Windpipe Supported by rings of cartilage to keep it open 24/7

Function of bronchi and bronchioles

Branching arms (bronchi) guiding air through into multiple branches (bronchioles)

Function of alveoli

Where exchange of o2 and co2 happen

Two breathing mechanisms

Inspiration and expiration

Which body system works with the respiratory system to aid in blood ph regulation

Kidneys from the URINARY SYSTEM

• kidneys excrete H+ ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

• Respiratory system adjusts blood ph by varying the rate of breathing, which changes the levels of co2 in blood (affecting carbonate and bicarbonate levels)

Gastrointestinal system

Aka digestive system

Responsible for digestion, absorbing nutrients, and elimination

Digestive system pathway

1. Mouth (begins in oral cavity, mouth tongue and teeth break down food

2. Pharynx (welcomes the food and directs it into esophagus

3. Esophagus (tube that serves as entryway to stomach

4. Stomach (churns the food and breaks it down further with the help of gastric juices

5. Small intestine (where nutrient absorption takes place. Enzymes help break food down into simpler substances )

6. Large intensities ( reabsorbs water electrolytes and transfoms food into solid waste)

7. Rectum (where solid waste is stored until it exits out of body)