Chem Final Flashcards Grade 10

MRK

Metals

Lose / donate electrons, giving them a positive (+) charge. Positive ions are called cations.

Nonmetals

Gain / accept electrons, giving them a negative (-) charge. Negative ions are called anions.

Ionic Compound definition

Compounds that contain a metal and a nonmetal.

Covalent Compound definition

Compounds that contain only nonmetals (atoms share electrons).

Binary Covalent Compound

A covalent compound formed between 2 different nonmetals.

Diatomic Molecules

7 elements that exist in nature as pairs: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Prefix Rule for Ionic Compounds

Prefixes (like mono-, di-) are NEVER used when naming ionic compounds.

Prefix mono- exception

The prefix mono- is never used on the first element of a binary covalent compound (e.g., CO2 is carbon dioxide, not monocarbon dioxide).

Prefix vowel drop rule

Remove the -o or -a from a prefix before adding it to 'oxide' (e.g., CO is carbon monoxide, N2O4 is dinitrogen tetroxide).

Binary Covalent Prefixes 1 to 5

1 = mono-, 2 = di-, 3 = tri-, 4 = tetra-, 5 = penta-

Binary Covalent Prefixes 6 to 10

6 = hexa-, 7 = hepta-, 8 = octa-, 9 = nona-, 10 = deca-

Rule for naming metal ions

When metals lose electrons to become ions, their name does not change (e.g., Na+ is sodium).

Rule for naming nonmetal monoatomic ions

The root of the element name + the suffix '-ide' (e.g., chlorine becomes chloride, nitrogen becomes nitride).

Transition metal naming rule

Include their charge as a Roman Numeral because their charges are less predictable (e.g., Iron (III) has a +3 charge).

Arrhenius Acid definition

Any substance which donates a hydrogen ion (H+).

Arrhenius Base definition

Any substance which donates a hydroxide ion (OH-).

Brønsted-Lowry Acid definition

Any substance which donates a hydrogen ion (H+).

Brønsted-Lowry Base definition

Any substance which accepts a hydrogen ion (H+).

Binary Acid naming rules

Always begin with the prefix 'hydro-', add the root of the second element, end with the suffix '-ic', and add the word 'acid' (e.g., HCl is hydrochloric acid).

Oxyacid naming rule (-ate)

If the polyatomic oxyanion ends in '-ate', the acid name ends in '-ic acid' (e.g., nitrate -> nitric acid). Never uses the 'hydro-' prefix.

Oxyacid naming rule (-ite)

If the polyatomic oxyanion ends in '-ite', the acid name ends in '-ous acid' (e.g., nitrite -> nitrous acid). Never uses the 'hydro-' prefix.

Arrhenius Base naming rule

Named according to the rules of ionic compounds: Name of metal + 'hydroxide' (e.g., NaOH is sodium hydroxide).

NH4+

ammonium

C2H3O2-

acetate

CN-

cyanide

CO3-2

carbonate

HCO3-

bicarbonate

C2O4-2

oxalate

ClO-

hypochlorite

ClO2-

chlorite

ClO3-

chlorate

ClO4-

perchlorate

CrO4-2

chromate

Cr2O7-2

dichromate

MnO4-

permanganate

NO2-

nitrite

NO3-

nitrate

OH-

hydroxide

PO4-3

phosphate

SO3-2

sulfite

SO4-2

sulfate

S2O3-2

thiosulfate

CaBr2

calcium bromide

NaF

sodium fluoride

MgO

magnesium oxide

SrCl2

strontium chloride

Li2S

lithium sulfide

KI

potassium iodide

NH4F

ammonium fluoride

CaSO4

calcium sulfate

Mg(NO3)2

magnesium nitrate

NaOH

sodium hydroxide

K2S

potassium sulfide

KMnO4

potassium permanganate

BaO

barium oxide

NH4Cl

ammonium chloride

CsCl

cesium chloride

MgSO4

magnesium sulfate

NaBr

sodium bromide

AlP

aluminum phosphide

MgI2

magnesium iodide

Sr(NO3)2

strontium nitrate

Fe2O3

iron (III) oxide

SnCl4

tin (IV) chloride

CuCO3

copper (II) carbonate

AlBr3

aluminum bromide

Li3N

lithium nitride

CO2

carbon dioxide

CS2

carbon disulfide

PBr3

phosphorous tribromide

PBr5

phosphorous pentabromide

P2S5

diphphosphorous pentasulfide

N2S

dinitrogen monosulfide

SiS2

silicon disulfide

NBr3

nitrogen tribromide

N2Cl4

dinitrogen tetrachloride

CCl4

carbon tetrachloride

PCl5

phosphorous pentachloride

N2O

dinitrogen monoxide

CS

carbon monosulfide

BH3

boron trihydride

S2Br6

disulfur hexabromide

PI3

phosphorous triiodide

NCl3

nitrogen trichloride

IF7

iodine heptafluoride

N2O4

dinitrogen tetroxide

PCl3

phosphorous trichloride

CO

carbon monoxide

ICl

iodine monochloride

S4N4

tetrasulfur tetranitride

H2O

dihydrogen monoxide

ClF5

chlorine pentafluoride

NO2

nitrogen dioxide

CBr4

carbon tetrabromide

NaMnO4

sodium permanganate

SrI2

strontium iodide

K2SO4

potassium sulfate

N2S4

dinitrogen tetrasulfide

SiCl4

silicon tetrachloride

P2O5

diphphosphorous pentoxide